Untitled Flashcards Set

Abba Kovner

“They will not take us like sheep to the slaughter” partisan, sept 1943 kovner and FPO members created partisan group, the avengers in rudnikai forest, guerrilla warfare against germans

Adam Czerniakow

Judenrat president, was ordered by hermann hofle to arrange relocation of 6k people to east, committed suicide after hearing relocation of jews would continue 7 days a week rather than comply to orders

Adolf Eichmann

SS officer managing mass deportation of jews to ghetto and killing center, key figure to final solution, made list of all jews living in europe by country in 2 categories, jews in germany and territory it had occupied, second category living in uncontested countries (britain ussr, neutral countries ireland portugal, spain, etc) all to be murdered in final solution

Auschwitz

(constructed 1941, gas chamber operational spring 1942

Last site was established as killing center (auschwitz birkenau), first established as cc for polish political prisoners. In auschwitz physicians conducted medical experiments on infant twin dwarves and forced sterilization & castration

Babi Yar

Ravine in kyiv & site of massacre/mass graves of kyiv jewish population carried out by nazi forces in late september 1941, site of major holocaust by bullets, 33.7k executed over 2 days

Belzec

Second killing center first specifically built for operation reinhard, 70 miles southeast lubin, operation began march 17 1942 w/ jews deported from lubin & lwow. First commandant of belzec christian wirth, who previously worked on T-4 program in germany

Bergen-Belsen

Began as allied POW camp, turned into nazi CC camp after turned over to SS ~52k killed here

Bermuda Conference

Between UK and USA April 19th-30th 1943 at hamilton bermuda. Discussing the topic of what to do with jewish refugees liberated by allied forces who still remained in nazi occupied europe. Not much accomplished

Casablanca Conference

Meeting between roosevelt and churchill to discuss war plans, “unconditional surrender” stalin also invited

Chaim Rumkowski

Head of jewish council of elders in lodz ghetto appointed by nazi germany

Chelmno

First killing center established 30 miles north of Lodz in west poland, began murder here december 8th 1941 using vans victims were forced into and gassed

Death Marches

Large forced transfers of prisoners from one nazi camp to another which involved walking long distances resulting in numerous deaths of weakened people. Used to remove evidence of crimes and keep prisoners for negotiation with allies

Displaced Persons

After WW2/holocaust many survivors unable to return home lived in displaced people camps in germany, austria, italy. 40k-60k people

Einsatzgruppen

Death squads, used to pacify civilian conquered areas, each had 600-1000 men, meaning 4 main einsatzgruppen had 3000 men total

Emanuel Ringelblum

Established oneg shabbat archive in warsaw ghetto, attempt to document life in warsaw ghetto for future historians by secretly collecting testimonies and historical documents. Undiscovered by germans

Final Solution

All jews must be killed

Gas Chambers

Mass killing chambers using mainly zyklon b

General Government

German zone of occupied poland, run by germany as separate administrative unit for logistical purposes

Ghetto

Areas where jews were forcibly kept/segregated from others, ie warsaw ghetto

Holocaust by Bullets

1.5 million ukrainian jews assassinated when nazi germany invaded soviet union,

Hunger Plan

Herbert backe, state secretary for food and agriculture and head of food division of 4 year plan wrote suppress soviet food for reich, estimated 30 million russians die

Jäger Report

Dec 1st 1941 by Karl Jager, commander of einsatzkommando 3, detailed and precise chronicle of activities of one individual of einsatzkommando and key documentation of holocaust in lithuania, latvia, and belarus.

Josef Mengele

SS officer and physician during WWII at russian front and at aushwitz, performed inhumane medical experiments on prisoners. One of number of med officials who selected victims to be murdered in gas chambers at auschwitz

Judenrat

Council representing jewish community during ww2

Kielce Pogrom

Mob of polish soldiers police and civilians murdered at least 42 jews

Madagascar Plan

Create a jewish ethnostate to deport jews to in madagascar, devised by nazis in 1930s

Mordechai Anielewicz

Leader of jewish fighting organization (ZOB) during warsaw ghetto uprising, tried to assassinate josef szerynski, commander of order service who they viewed as nazi collaborator in aug 1942

Oneg Shabbat

Archive in the Warsaw ghetto of daily life, testimonies and historical documents. Started by Emanuel Ringelblum

Operation Barbarossa

German invasion of soviet union began june 22 1941, wanted land for crops

Operation Reinhard

Establishment of killing centers of belzec, sobibor, treblinka, plan to murder jews

Operation Tannenberg

Codename for anti-polish extermination action by nazi germany, shootings conducted with use of proscription list targeting polish elite, compiled by gestapo two years before invasion of poland

Operation Torch

Allied invasion of french north africa during ww2, nov 8-16th 1942, first large scale allied amphibious landing

Order Service

“Jewish police” organization officially responsible for maintaining order in ghettos set up to incarcerate the jewish population in eastern europe during holocaust, members were part of the ghettoized community but due to privileged position these young men began to become estranged from their peers. Id as collaborators in holocaust

Paper Brigade

Group of residents in vilna ghetto who hid large cache of jewish cultural iterms from YIVO, the largest jewish archive in east europe. avrom sutzkever and shmerke kaczerginski formed this group

Raoul Wallenberg

Young architect who saved estimated 100,000 people, served as swedens special envoy in budapest between july 1944-dec1944, issued protective passports and sheltered jews in buildings declared swedish territory. After red army liberated, detained and died in lubyanka 12 years later due to a suspected myocardial infarction

Riegner Telegram

Detailed the nazi plan to systematically murder european jews, was sent to british and american governments in august 1942, sent on 8 August 1942 from Gerhart Riegner, then Secretary of World Jewish Congress (Geneva)

Rosenstrasse Protest

Mass public demonstration by german against 3rd reich against mass jewish deportation in march 1943. Sustained by non jewish wives and relatives of jewish men and mixed, protest by these women lead to release of approx 1800 berlin jews

Rudolf Kastner

Hungarian journalist/lawyer known for helping group of jews escape from occupied europe on kastner train. Kasztner negotiated with adolf eichmann to allow 1684 jews to leave for switzerland in exchange for money gold diamonds

Sobibor

One of 3 killing centers liked to operation reinhard, ss plan to murder jews living in europe

Sonderkommando

Work units made up of nazi death camp prisoners, composed of mostly jews who were forced to perform variety of duties in gas chamber and crematoria of nazi camp system

Szmul Zygielbojm

Polish socialist politician, when nazi invaded belgium in may 1940 went to france and us where he spent a year trying to convince americans of dire situation of jews in nazi occupied poland

T-4 Program

Systematic murder of disabled nazi euthanasia program

Theresienstadt

camp/ghetto, did not have much forced labor, danish held here, originally for prominent jews ie iron cross holders or severe war wounds. Transit camp

Treblinka

I Established 1941 nov as forced labor camp for jews, II operated as killing center from july 23rd 1942 and october 19th 1943

Tuvia Bielski

Polish jewish militant leader of bielski group, group carried food raids, killed german collaborators and sometimes joined russian partisan group in anti-nazi missions, until summer 1943 nomadic until german began manhunt, established base in center of naluboki forest, had over 1230 people when soviets liberated belarus, 70% elderly, women, or children

Umschlagplatz

Holding area adjacent to railway station in occupied poland where jews from ghettos assembled for deportation to nazi death camp

Vichy France

Puppet government controlled by reich in france , led by Marshal Philippe Pétain

Wannsee Conference

High level meeting of german official to discuss final solution of jewish question

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

Armed revolt took place in warsaw ghetto jan 18th 1943, uprising response to german second deportation of jews from ghetto

Yalta Conference

Between leaders of uk usa ussr to discuss future of europe and germany after war, germany divided, UN formed, free elections, germany demilitarized, nazi war crime trial

Zyklon B

Cyanide based pesticide (prussic acid) used in gas chambers to kill jews