Traffic Types and Protocols

• Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Usage

  • Video: Provides transport for streaming media.

  • Voice: Enables voice communication over the IP network.

• Wireless Technology for Home Automation

  • ZigBee:

    • An IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area networks.

    • Low energy and data rate, ideal for home automation.

TCP/IP Model Layers

• Layer Providing Routing in TCP/IP Model

  • Internet Layer:

    • Functions to address and route messages through internetworks.

Domain Name System (DNS)

• Function of DNS

  • Resolves domain names to IP addresses.

  • Key Record Types:

    • A Record: IPv4 Address.

    • AAAA Record: IPv6 Address.

    • NS Record: Authoritative name server.

    • MX Record: Mail exchange record.

• Protocol Types

  • Proprietary Protocols:

    • Developed by private organizations, operate under controlled definitions.

    • Examples include specialized internal protocols.

  • Open Standard Protocols:

    • Freely available for use, promoting interoperability.

Services Offered by DNS and Related Protocols

• Client Packet with Destination Port 110:

  • POP3: Used for retrieving emails.

• Command for IP Configuration on Windows:

  • ipconfig: Displays IP settings.

Networking Models

• Shared Printer Model:

  • Peer-to-Peer: Allows multiple devices to share resources without a dedicated server.

• Virus Characteristics:

  • Malicious software affecting operation of devices.

Quality of Service (QoS) in Networks

• Prioritization of Data Types:

  • Order of priority from highest to lowest:

    1. Financial Transactions

    2. Audio Conference

    3. Web Page Viewing

IPv6 Addressing

• Component Matching in IPv6:

  • Global Routing Prefix: Assigned by the provider.

  • Subnet ID: Identifies organization subnets.

  • Interface ID: Functions as a host identifier.

Traffic Flow and Layer Functionality

• File Transfer Layer Usage in TCP/IP:

  • Layers Involved: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Access.

• Forwarding Methods:

  • Cut-through: Low latency, forwards frames before full reception.

  • Store-and-Forward: Checks frame integrity before forwarding, higher latency.

Network Addressing and Default Gateway

• Default Gateway for Host:

  • Vital for communication with external networks, uniquely identified by specific interface IP.

Appropriate Networking Commands**

• Internet Messenger Service: Real-time chat application.

Subnetting and Address Distribution**

• Subnetting for Given IP Blocks:

  • Identifying correct IP address and prefix for different hosts to satisfy usable host addressing needs.

Signal Integrity and Networking Issues**

• Signal Distortion Factors:

  • RF Interference (RFI): Affects signal integrity in copper cabling.

  • Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): Causes corruption in data transmission.

• ARP for MAC Address Resolution:

  • Generates broadcast requests to resolve unknown MAC addresses.

Security Considerations**

• Trojan Horse Defined:

  • Malicious software disguising as legitimate for harmful actions.

• HTTPS Service:

  • Uses encryption for secure web transaction.

Data Flow Management in TCP/UDP**

• Port Number Role: Helps identify applications receiving data.

Infrastructure and Utilization**

• Impact of NAT:

  • Helps alleviate IPv4 exhaustion but may introduce connectivity issues for some applications.

• Functional Assessment of Firmware and Server Functionality:

  • Regular testing through protocols like ICMP to maintain network health.