BIO 101 EXAM #1

Stoma: Semi fluid in the chloroplast

ATP synthase is an enzyme used to produce ATP

ATP is the molecule responsible for work in cell

Krebs/Citric cycle produces sugar

3 ingredients/requirements for Krebs/Citric Acid cycle include:

• ATP

• NADPH

• CO2

Photosystem 2 come first, water needs to be delivered first in order to provide electrons

Photosystems occur in the thylakoid membrane

Wavelength goes up, energy drops

Molecules produced in light reaction include:

• ATP

• NADPH

• O2

Thylakoids are sacks,bags looking stacks

Monosaccharides: Simple Sugars

• cannot be broken down into smaller sugars

• Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Organelle in charge of photosynthesis: Chloroplast

Function of these organelles

• Golgi Apparatus: Sort/Package/Distribute proteins, lipids, and other molecules that need to be transported out of the cell

• Mitochondria: Acts as an all-purpose energy converter by producing ATP

• Smooth ER: creates lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, steroids AND Detoxifies molecules like drugs, alcohol, metabolic waste. NOTE* Smooth ER does not have ribosomes

• Rough ER: Make protein to be sent out the cell. Rough due to ribosomes

• Lysosomes: Works as a recycling center; recycles cellular waste

• Nucleus: Contains DNA

• Central Vacuole: Stores nutrients like water and carbohydrates (organic material)

• Chloroplast: Converts sunlight into energy

Function of these structures

• Cell wall: provides rigidity 

• Ribosomes: synthesize proteins 

Hydrolysis - Breaks bonds between monomers by breaking H2O

Dehydration Synthesis - Links two monomers together to form a large molecule

Large Biological Molecules (aka Macromolecules) include:

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Nucleic Acids

• Proteins

mRNA

• Stands for messenger

• Is needed for amino acids

Examples of Polysaccharides include:

• Chitin

• Starch

• Glycogen

• Cellulose

Proteins are produced in ribosomes. Ribosomes are structures

different fats of lipids:

• Saturated Fats - considered “bad” fat; has single bonds

• Unsaturated Fats - considered “good” fat; has a double bond

Monomers of these macromolecules

• Lipids: Glycerol and fatty acids

• Protein: Amino Acids

• Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides

• Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides

Major Cells:

• Eukaryotes

  • Larger 

  • More complex

  • Have organelles

  • Found in protists, fungi, plants, & animals 

• Prokaryotes

  • Smaller

  • Simpler

  • Do not have organelles

  • Found in bacteria and archaea

Components of Prokaryote:

• Pili/Pilus: exchange genetic info 

• Capsule: sticky coating

• Genomic DNA: Single circular chromosome; nucleotide region; NO NUCLEUS

• Ribosomes: synthesize proteins 

• Flagellum/Flagella: Locomotion

• Plasma membrane: encloses cytoplasm 

• Cell wall: provides rigidity

Proteins must have a 3D shape in order to be deemed a function!

Components of Amino Acids

• Amino Group

• Carboxyl group/Carboxyl acid

• Side group/Functional group

Nucleic Acids

• DNA

  • double stranded; missing oxygen

  • uses the sugar deoxyribose 

  • uses base Thymine (T)

• RNA

  • single stranded 

  • uses the sugar ribose 

  • uses base Uracil (U)

Waste product in cellular respiration = CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

Byproduct in cellular respiration = H2O (Water)

Last receptor of cellular respiration = O2 (Oxygen)

NADH is found most in the Krebs/Citric acid Cycle

Acetyl CoA is found most in pyruvate oxidation

Products of Cellular Respiration

• ATP (Main product)

• CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

• H2O (Water)

Cellular Respiration Equation = C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) + 6O₂ (oxygen) → 6CO₂ (carbon dioxide) + 6H₂O (water) + ATP (energy).

Photosynthesis Equation = 6CO₂ (carbon dioxide) + 6H₂O (water) + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) + 6O₂ (oxygen).

Details of ETC

• Flow = H2O is produced, it's a byproduct that it made to keep the constant flow to finish the steps 

• Purpose = Create a Hydrogen Ion Gradient

• Being used = NADH and FADH₂

• Being produced = ATP and H2O

Cellular Respiration Steps + locations

1. Glycolysis

   • Occurs in cytoplasm

2. Pyruvate Oxidation

   • Occurs in the inter membrane space of mitochondria

3. Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

   • Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

4. Electron Transport Chain

   • Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria 

5. Chemiosmosis

   • Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria 

Glycolysis produces

• 2 Pyruvate molecules

• 2 NADH (negative electron carrier (2); carries hydrogen)

• 2 Net ATP molecules produced; 4 total produced

Glycolysis does not require oxygen (anaerobic)

Pyruvate Oxidation starts with pyruvates from. Acetyl Co A, NADH, and CO2 is being produced

Aerobic respirations and oxidation share the transfer of electrons and the production of ATP

Reduction Oxidation (Redox Reaction) transfer of electrons between two substances as a chemical reactions. Reactions include:

• Oxidation = loss of an electron 

• Reduction = Gain of an electron

2 requirements in cellular respiration include:

• Presence of oxygen

• Amount of ATP

Fermentation

• Occurs in Cytoplasm

• Purpose = to regenerate NAD⁺ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP in the absence of oxygen

• Products = Lactic acid and Ethanol