Optional Study Guide

Lab Report

Difference between p-value >0.05 and p-value <0.05

If the p value is less than 0.05 we reject the null hypothesis.

If the p value is greater than 0.05 we fail to reject the null hypothesis

Be able to interpret if there is a significant difference if given t-stat and critical value.

If the test statistic lies outside of the boundaries defined by teh critical value, the result is statistically significant.

If the test statistics does not lie outside of the boundaries set by the critical value, the result is not statistically significant.

Know the chemical properties of both plant defense extracts: coffee and kava.

• Coffee → contains caffiene which is a stimulant.

• Kava → contain kavalactones which interact with neurotransmitter systems in the brain, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety without impairing mental clarity.

• Lavender → contains linalool which is a relaxant

What is the scientific name of the specimen we used?

• Artemia salina

Be able to identify various fungi taxa:

Chytridiomycota:

• Ancient fungi 

• Unicellular

• Aquatic decomposers

• Parasites living on water molds, insects, or snakes

Zygomycota:

• Bread molds

• Ex: Pilobolus spp., the “hat-throwing” fungus

Glomeromycota:

• Mutualists that form a symbiotic relationships with the roots of plants

• Mycorrhizae

Ascomycota:

• Largest phylum of fungus

• Examples: Truffles, Morels, Yeast,

• Penicillium First “wonder drug,”

Basidiomycota:

• Mushrooms

• Shelf fungi 

• Puffballs

Be able to identify the different parts of the mushroom:

What are the 3 distinct types of Lichen?

1. Foliose (common ones that grow on trees)

2. Crustose (dense)

3. Fruticose (light and delicate)

 Be able to identify the major anatomical structures in a typical fungus: Cap, Gills, Stipe/Stalk, Mycelial threads

Animal Blueprints

Be able to identify various taxa:

1. Phylum Porifera:

• Evolved from choanoflagellates

• No tissues or organs

• Mostly marine sessile creatures

• Reproduce asexually by budding

• Reproduce sexually by being monoecious → containing both male and female reproductive organs

• Respiration and excretion occur
  through diffusion

2. Phylum Cnidaria:

 Stinging cell: cnidoblast

• Stinging organelle: nematocyst

  • Budding

  • Dioecious → two organisms contain separate male and female gametes.

  • Radial symmetry (Diploblastic) + incomplete GI tract

  • Dimorphism (two morphological forms): medusa
    (jellyfish) vs polyp (coral)

3. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms):

 Free-living or parasitic flatworms

• Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, acoelomate

• Anterior and posterior ends

• Only one opening (mouth)

• No respiratory or circulatory systems → perform gas exchange through diffusion

• Cephalization → formation of the head

• Classes:

  • Turbellaria

  • Cestoda

  • Trematoda or Planaria

4. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms):

• Cylindrical and elongated body shape

• Bilateral symmetry and triploblastic structure

• Psuedocoelomates with a complete digestive system

• Many are parasitic, affecting a variety of hosts

5. Phylum Annelida (earthworms or segmented worms):

• Segmented body structures.

• Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic.

• Possesses a true coelom.

• Closed circulatory system.

• Contains a simple nervous system.

• Reproduces both sexually and asexually.

Be able to identify Planaria and the background of it.

• Planaria is a part of the Platyhelminthes

• Looks like this:

Be able to identify the different parts of an earthworm:

What are the two life stages of cnidarians?

1. Polyp

2. Medusa

Understand major differences between Platyhelminthes vs. Annelida

• Platyhelminthes (flatworms):

  • Acoelomates (lack a body cavity).

  • Generally have a flat, ribbon-like body structure.

  • Can be free-living or parasitic.

  • Possess bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic.

  • Gas exchange occurs through diffusion across the skin.

• Annelida (segmented worms):

  • Coelomates (possess a true body cavity).

  • Characterized by segmented body structures.

  • Have a closed circulatory system.

  • Exhibits bilateral symmetry and is triploblastic.

  • Reproduce both sexually and asexually, with many being hermaphroditic.

  • More complex body systems compared to flatworms, including a nervous system with a brain and more specialized organs.

Animal Blueprints: part 2

What animals are in Mollusca:

• Chitons, octopi, cuttlefish, squid, nautilus, bivalves, snails and slugs

What are Chelicerata(horseshoe crabs) more closely related to?

• Spiders and ticks

What are the three tagmata of arthropods?

• Head, thorax, abdomen

Identify radula and its function.

• A radula breaks apart food particles fo reating and it looks like this:

What is the most diverse animal phylum?

• Arthropods (more than 1000000 species

Difference between millipedes and centipedes.

• Millipedes: two pairs of legs per body segment, slow-moving, feed on decaying plant matter.

• Centipedes: one pair of legs per body segment, fast-moving, carnivorous,

What is ecdysis and who performs this?

 Ecdysis is the molting process. Performed by arthropods, insects, crustaceans, reptiles.

Building a better tetrapod

Be able to identify and know the functions of the parts of a starfish.

Tube feet → movement

Madreporite →

Ring canal → Circulating water

Ambucatral ridge → Houses the tube feet, locomotion, feeding, adhesion

Distinguish between a hagfish and a lamprey.

What are the 5 major features of Chordata?

            1. Notochord

            2. Pharyngeal slits

            3. Dorsal hollow nerve chord

            4.

            5.

Understand different symmetry.

What are the lateral lines and swim bladders used for in fishes?

What makes up Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes?

Vertebrates

What are vestigial structures?

Define the following:

1. Endotherm:

2. Ectotherm:

3. Poikilotherm:

What type of teeth differentiation can animals have? (define the difference)

1.

2.

Major features of Class Reptilia

Why are amphibians restricted to water?

What animals possess amniotic eggs?

Be able to identify different parts of the frog.

Do all tetrapod’s have the same general internal structure and who did they evolve from?