Botany🌹🌲

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Survival of Plants:

• Need sunlight (energy for photosynthesis)
• Water
• Minerals/Nutrients
  • Phosphorous
  • Potassium
  • Magnesium
  • Calcium
  • Nitrogen
• Gas exchange with environment
• Movement of water and nutrients from roots to leaves
• Diffusion
• Specialized tissues

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Early Plants:

• Origins in the water (algae)
• First plants evolved from plant-like protists (algae) similar to multicellular green algae of today (chlorophyta)
• Oldest known plant fossil: 450 mya
• Similar to mosses of today

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4 Divisions

• [ ] %%Mosses%%
• [ ] ^^Ferns^^
• [ ] @@Conebearers@@
• [ ] ==Flowering plants==

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%%Byrophytes (Parent Group):%%

• These are %%Mosses%% and Relatives

• %%Nonvascular%%

  • They depend on osmosis to deliver water; this keeps them small

• Groups:

  • Mosses: most common
  • tolerant in harsh environments
  • Liverworts: “flat leaves”
  • attached to the ground
  • Hornworts: Phylum: Anthrocerophyta

• %%Life Cycle:%%

  • It is dependent on water because sperm of bryophyte must swim to an egg
  • NO SEEDS

• Human Uses:

  • Sphagnum:
  • Accumulates in peat deposits
  • Retains water

  

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%%Vascular Tissue%%%%: transportation system that allows for the movement of fluids against gravity%%

%%Two types:%%

• %%Xylem:%% %%carries water up%%
• %%Phloem%%%%: carries nutrients and carbohydrates down%%

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^^Ferns and Relatives (Vascular):^^

• Club Mosses
• Horsetails
• Ferns

They all have true:

• Roots: underground organs used for absorption
• Leaves: photosynthetic organs
• Veins: gathering of xylem and phloem
• Stems: supporting and connecting structures

^^Life Cycle:^^

• Develop haploid spores on undersides of fronds called Sporangia
• Grouped in clusters of sori
• Fertilization requires at least a small film of water

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Seed Plants:

• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
• These are the most successful plants
• Adaptations:
  • Allows for reproduction without water
  • Includes flowers and cones
  • Pollination transfers sperm
  • Embryos are protected in seeds
• Pollen grain: where entire male gametophyte is contained
• Sperm do not swim
• These are carried to female reproductive structure through: insects, wind, or small animals
• Seed: embryo of plant

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@@Gymnosperms (Cone Bearers)@@ :

• Most ancient seed bearer
• Gymnosperms Includes:
  • Gnetophytes, Cycads, Ginkgoes, Conifers
• Gnetophytes:
  • Phylum: Gnetophyta
  • Only 70 species
• Cycads:
  • Phylum: Cycadophyta
  • Palm-like plants
  • Only 9 genera exist today
• Ginkgoes:
  • Phylum: Gingkophyta
• Conifers:
  • Phylum: Coniferophyta
  • Most common gymnosperm
  • 500 species
  • Pines, spruces, redwoods, sequoias, cedars
  • Ecology of Conifers:
    • Wide variety of habitats
    • Evergreens
    • Have adaptations such as needle shaped leaves and waxy covering to protect from dry conditions

==Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)== :

• Flowers: unique reproductive structures

• Pollination through animals is more effective than wind pollination

• Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seed

• After pollination, ovary develops into a fruit (wall of tissue surrounding the seed)

• Two classes of Angiosperms:

  • Named for the number of leaves (cotyledons) in plant embryo
  • Monocots: one seed leaf
  • Corn, wheat, lilies, orchids, palms
  • Dicots: two seed leaves
  • Roses, clover, tomatoes, oak, daisies

  

Groups By Stems:

• Woody: have thick cells
  • Trees, shrubs, vines
• Herbaceous: do not produce woody stems
  • Sunflowers, pansies, etc

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