Sociology

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Chap 5

status- a socially defined position in a social structure

• Status Set – all of the statuses a person has at a given time
• Status Symbol: a sign that helps to our status
• Status inconsistency- Sometimes, a person occupies two or more statuses that society deems contradictory
• Master status- A status that dominates all other statuses
• achieved status- voluntary require effort to maintain
• ascribed status- involuntary; cant choose
• role- behaviors associated with one’s status
• Role Distance- helps us avoid embarrassment- separate from role
• Role Merger: when a role becomes central to a person’s identity and the person literally becomes the role he or she is playing
• role exit-

  The process of disengagement- doubt, search for alternatives, departure, creation of a new identity

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Social institutions- Relatively enduring clusters of values, norms, social statuses, roles, and groups that address fundamental social needs

• Family
• Education
• Religion
• Gov
• Economy

Patterns of social interaction

• exchange- Our interactions with others are guided by the profit motive
• cooperation- pattern of interaction in which individuals, groups, and societies work together to achieve shared goals
• competition - found where we seek to attain a limited resource
• conflict
• coercion- When people or groups are compelled to interact with each other

  distance zones- how far the bubble reaches (0-18; 18-4ft; 4-12; 12 plus)

  Impression management: ways that people use revelation and concealment to make a favorable impression on others

• hide errors, use props, hide prep, use backstage and frontstage
• aligning actions- because of this, apology; because of this, explanation; disclaimer
• disclaimers- assertions designed to forestall any complaints or negative reactions to a behavior or statement about to occur
• Cooling Out- gently persuading someone who has lost face to accept a less desirable but still reasonable alternative identity

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stigma- the permanent spoiling of ones identity; defects of body, defects of character, membership in devalued groups

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Thomas Theorem- if we define their situations as real, they are real in their own consequences (you view world in bad way, there will be consequences to it)

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Chap 6

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Aggregates – collection of people thrown together in the same place.  Interaction is brief and sporadic

Categorical Groups – groups of people who share common characteristics, such as blue-eyed sociology teachers, who enjoy following politics and reading history

Associational or Organizational Groups – Republican Party, Lutheran Church

Primary Groups- People who regularly interact and have close and enduring relationships

Secondary Groups- two or more people who interact on a formal and impersonal basis to accomplish specific objective

In-Group- A group with which people identify and have a sense of belonging

Out-Group-A group we do not identify with

Positive- i want to be like

negative- i do not want to be like

dyad- 2; unstable

triad- 3; more stable; may have 2 conspire against other

ideal group size- 5

Authoritarian- give orders and direct activities with minimal input from followers

Democratic- involve others in decision making

Laissez-faire Leaders- “Hands off” leadership style

bureaucracy- is a large scale organization that uses rules, hierarchical ranking, and rational worldview to achieve maximum efficiency (expand too much- iron cage)

Identifying Features of Bureaucracies- Specialization and division of labor, Hierarchical structure, Merit and careers, Impersonality, Formal rules, regulations, and procedures

The Iron Law of Oligarchy – a small self-serving group of people who achieve power and promote their own interests

Bureaucratic Ritualism – where workers conform to rules and procedures to such a degree that they become more important than goals

The Peter principle- promotion to one’s level of incompetence

Parkinson’s Law- work expands to fill time available for its completion

Social loafing- other people do work for you

group think- go along with what one or two people say

social boundaries- material or social devices used to keep various groups out (wall)

voluntary organizations- we join voluntarily (church)

coercive organizations- groups we join against our will (school)

utilitarian organizations- joined for practical reasons (MMU)

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Chap 7

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Crime- any act that violates a criminal law

Deviance- the violation of a social norm

pseudo deviance- pretend deviance (pretend to be a hell raiser) (vegas)

prescriptive norms- what we should do

proscriptive norms- what we should not do

range of tolerance- under-( vacuum never), over-conformity (vacuum 2 times a day) and conformity (vacuum once a week)

dysfunctions of deviance- Deviance may lead to a decrease in social stability

functions of deviance- Helps us understand what is and is not acceptable, Punishment of deviant behavior promotes social solidarity

“Twinkie defense” – In 1978, Dan White (San Francisco – marched into the office of city mayor Moscone and shot to death he and commissioner Harvey Milk.  In his defense, White’s lawyers stated that the copious amounts of Twinkies and Coca-Cola consumed the night before had led to the murderous rampage

deterence theory- Crime is the result of the exercise of individual free will

psychological theory- crime comes from conditioning (abuse, anger repressed)

medical model- deviance is an illness

conflict theory- those in power set the rules

containment theory- all of us are tempted to commit wrongs, but inside and outside forces prevent us from acting on them

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differential association and reinforcement-

labeling theory- labeling makes a difference

neutralization- denial of responsibility; denial of injury, denial of victim, condemning condemners, appear to higher loyalties

social bond theory- LOVE

Milgrams teachers and learners- no real shocks; how far would you go when a person of authority is telling you what to do

moral entrepreneurs- something in society needs to be changed

moral crusades- effort to identify wrongdoing, inform others

moral panic- very survival of society is threatened by something

hate crimes- caused by prejeduce

deviance as social pathology-

liberation hypothesis- women commit less crimes because less opportunity

Durkheim- crime is integral part of society; can be functional

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