RC

ITP - Topic 9

Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion

1. Introduction to Psychology

  • Lectured by Keithlyn M. Bay, RPm, CHRA, CMoCAR

2. Learning Outcomes

  • Understanding Motivation and Emotion: Define nature and scope.

  • Role of Motives: Recognize their influence on behavior.

  • Theories of Motivation and Emotion: Explore different theories and their relevance to human behavior.

  • Physiological and Psychological Aspects: Explain their roles in motivation and emotion.

  • Importance in Life: Acknowledge how motivation and emotion impact daily living.

3. Common Motivational Situations

  • Examples illustrating diverse motivations:

    • Feeding behaviors of infants.

    • Studying for exams.

    • Searching for food by homeless individuals.

    • Research pursuits in science.

    • Sexual behaviors in relationships.

    • Extreme challenges like climbing mountains.

4. Definition of Motivation

  • Dynamics of Behavior: Initiates, sustains, directs, and terminates actions.

  • Goal Orientation: An energetic drive toward accomplishing tasks.

5. Characteristics of Motivation

  • Activation: Initiating behavior.

  • Persistence: Determined efforts towards a goal.

  • Intensity: Increased vigor in motivated behaviors.

6. Components of Motivation

  • Needs: States of deficiency prompting drives (bodily needs).

  • Drives: Perceived tension when a need is unmet, generating urges to relieve it.

  • Incentives: External factors that motivate behaviors.

7. Models of Motivation

7.1 Drive Reduction Model

  • Primary focus: Restore balance or homeostasis when physiological systems are out of equilibrium.

7.2 Optimal Arousal Model

  • Performance peaks occur at moderate arousal levels.

7.3 Evolutionary Model

  • Survival and reproduction as biological imperatives shaped by evolutionary pressures.

7.4 Hierarchical Model (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs)

  • Higher needs can only be pursued once lower-level needs are met.

8. Hunger and Eating Behavior

8.1 Biological Aspects

  • Internal signals govern hunger based on recent food intake and energy availability.

  • Four components driving hunger:

    • The stomach's signals.

    • Blood nutrient levels.

    • Brain's processing of signals.

    • Hormonal influences.

8.2 Psychological Aspects

  • Food preferences shaped by evolutionary needs and cultural influences.

9. Eating Disorders

  • Anorexia Nervosa: Extreme fear of weight gain leading to food restriction.

  • Bulimia Nervosa: Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (e.g., vomiting).

10. Sexual Behavior

  • Human Sexual Response: Actions leading to arousal and orgasm.

  • Cultural Influence: Norms around sexual behavior vary across cultures:

    • Restrictive societies impose tight regulations.

    • Semi-restrictive may not vigorously enforce norms.

    • Permissive societies have minimal restrictions.

11. Social Needs

11.1 Need to Belong (Affiliation)

  • Humans are inherently social; acceptance and friendships are vital.

  • Need to belong is significant in shaping human motivations.

11.2 Need to Excel (Achievement)

  • Defined by motivation to succeed and overcome challenges.

12. Motivation in the Workplace

  • Extrinsic Motivation: External rewards for performance.

  • Intrinsic Motivation: Internal satisfaction derived from tasks.

  • Perceived Organizational Support: Employees' feelings of being valued by their organization.

13. Understanding Emotions

  • Definition: Brief changes in conscious experiences in response to meaningful situations.

14. Types of Affect

  • Emotions: Dominant and impactful in perception, memory, attention, decision-making.

  • Moods: Longer-lasting emotional states varying over time.

  • Affective Traits: Stable personality characteristics influencing emotional responses.

15. Basic Emotions

  • Common emotions experienced universally:

    • Anger

    • Disgust

    • Fear

    • Happiness

    • Sadness

    • Surprise

16. Theories of Emotion

16.1 James-Lange Theory

  • Emotions arise from physiological responses to stimuli.

16.2 Cannon-Bard Theory

  • Critiques James-Lange; claims physiological responses and emotions occur simultaneously.

16.3 Two-Factor Theory

  • Interaction of biological arousal and cognitive labeling enhances emotional experience.

17. Emotion and the Brain

  • Amygdala: Processes emotional significance and fear.

  • Prefrontal Cortex: Involved in emotional regulation and decision-making.

  • Anterior Cingulate Cortex: Active during emotional appraisal, physical pain, and social rejection.

  • Hypothalamus: Central to pleasure and reward processing.

  • Insula: Perception of bodily sensations influencing emotions.

18. Emotional Intelligence

  • Defined as the ability to recognize, understand, and regulate emotions in oneself and others.

  • Critical for overall life success and interpersonal relationships.

19. Summary

  • Psychology of Motivation: Explains why people act as they do, encompassing needs, drives, and behavior.

  • Emotions: Transient responses to significant events; interplay between emotion and cognition is crucial.

  • Flourishing individuals derive more meaning from intrinsic motivation and emotional experiences.