Cardiovascular System Notes

Overview and Anatomy

  • Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System - Closed transport system comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Continuously loops.
  • Anatomy - Comprised of the Membranes, Walls, Chambers, Valves, and Vessels:
    • Membranes: The Pericardium is split into two membranes, separated by serous fluid.
    • Parietal Pericardium: Outside membrane.
    • Visceral Pericardium: Inner membrane, touches the Epicardium Wall.
    • Walls: The Heart Walls are split into three layers.
    • Epicardium: Outside layer, acts as protection.
    • Myocardium: Middle layer, acts as muscle.
    • Endocardium: Inner layer, acts as epithelium.
    • Chambers: The heart itself is split into four chambers, identified between left and right. They are separated by strong muscles called septums.
    • Atria: Recieve blood in, top of heart.
    • Ventricles: Pump blood out, bottom of heart.
    • Valves: Gates within chambers that control blood flow using chordae tendineae.
    • Atrioventricular Valves:
      • Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
      • Tricuspid Valve
    • Semilunar Valves:
      • Pulmonary Valve
      • Aortic Valve
    • Vessels: Connects the heart to the body, pathways for blood.
    • Aorta
    • Pulmonary Arteries
    • Vena Cava
    • Pulmonary Veins

Physiology

  • Blood only moves in one direction, backflow is resilient.

  • The heart is comprised of chambers, valves, and vessels that work together in pumping blood in and throughout the body:

    • Chambers:
    • Right Atrium: Recieves poor blood from the vena cava and to tricuspid valve.
    • Right Ventricle: Pumps poor blood from tricuspid valve and to pulmonary arteries.
    • Left Atrium: Recieves rich blood from the pulmonary veins and to bicuspid valve.
    • Left Ventricle: Pumps rich blood from bicuspid valve and to aorta.
    • Valves:
    • Atrioventricular Valves:
      • Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve: Connects left atrium to ventricle.
      • Tricuspid Valve: Connects right atrium to ventricle.
    • Semilunar Valves:
      • Aortic Valve: Connects left ventricle to aorta.
      • Pulmonary Valve: Connects right ventricle to pulmonary arteries.
    • Vessels:
    • Aorta: Brings rich blood to be used throughout the body, has three outings, superior.
    • Vena Cava: Brings poor blood to be pumped in the heart, has two innings, superior and inferior of the heart.
    • Pulmonary Arteries: Brings poor blood to be replenished in the lungs, has two outings, left and right of the heart.
    • Pulmonary Veins: Brings rich blood to be pumped in the heart, has four innings, two on each side of the heart.

Summary

  • Circulatory // Cardiovascular System: Closed, looping system that transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.
  • Layers of the Heart: Parietal Pericardium → Serous Fluid → Visceral Pericardium → Epicardium → Myocardium → Endocardium
  • Heart chambers separated by septums.
  • Heart valves controlled by chordae tendineae.
  • Replenish Process: Poor Blood (Body) → Vena Cava → RIght Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs
  • Distribution Process: Rich Blood (Lungs) → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body