3.7B and 3.8

Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to a neutral stimulus linked to an unconditioned stimulus.Unconditioned Response (UR): Automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that requires no prior learning.Operant Conditioning: Learning process where behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment, developed by B.F. Skinner.

• Reinforcement: Strengthens behavior.

  • Positive Reinforcement: Adding a stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., praise).

  • Negative Reinforcement: Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., taking away chores).

• Punishment: Decreases behavior likelihood.

• Reinforcement Schedules: Fixed, variable, and interval schedules influence learning rates.

• Shaping: Gradually guiding behavior through successive reinforcement (e.g., training a dog).

• Thorndike's Law of Effect: Behaviors followed by favorable outcomes become more likely.

• Types of Reinforcers:

  • Primary: Meet biological needs (e.g., food).

  • Secondary: Learned value (e.g., money).

• Reinforcement Timing: Immediate for animals; both immediate and delayed for humans.