Flashcard #1
Term: Indentured servants
Definition: Laborers who worked for a fixed term in exchange for passage to America.

Flashcard #2
Term: Proprietary colonies
Definition: Colonies granted to individuals.

Flashcard #3
Term: Royal colonies
Definition: Colonies controlled by the Crown.

Flashcard #4
Term: Charter colonies
Definition: Colonies governed by a charter agreement.

Flashcard #5
Term: Pilgrims/Separatists
Definition: Religious dissenters who sought freedom from the Church of England, founded Plymouth in 1620.

Flashcard #6
Term: Trade and Navigation Acts
Definition: British laws regulating colonial trade to enforce mercantilism.

Flashcard #7
Term: Peter Zenger trial
Definition: 1735 case affirming freedom of the press.

Flashcard #8
Term: House of Burgesses
Definition: The first elected legislative assembly in colonial America, Virginia (1619).

Flashcard #9
Term: Mayflower Compact
Definition: Agreement for self-governance signed by Plymouth settlers (1620).

Flashcard #10
Term: King Philip's War
Definition: 1675–1676 conflict between Native Americans and New England settlers.

Flashcard #11
Term: Anne Hutchinson
Definition: Banished for challenging Puritan beliefs and advocating religious freedom.

Flashcard #12
Term: Roger Williams
Definition: Founder of Rhode Island, champion of separation of church and state.

Flashcard #13
Term: George Whitefield
Definition: Preacher of the First Great Awakening.

Flashcard #14
Term: William Bradford
Definition: Governor of Plymouth Colony.

Flashcard #15
Term: Great Puritan Migration
Definition: Large-scale migration of Puritans to New England (1620s–1640s).

Flashcard #16
Term: Great Awakening
Definition: 1730s–1740s religious revival emphasizing personal faith.

Flashcard #17
Term: French and Indian War
Definition: 1754–1763 conflict between Britain and France for North American dominance.

Flashcard #18
Term: New England Confederation
Definition: Alliance of New England colonies for mutual defense (1643).

Flashcard #19
Term: Thomas Hobbes
Definition: Philosopher advocating strong central government in 'Leviathan'.

Flashcard #20
Term: John Locke
Definition: Philosopher advocating natural rights and government by consent.

Flashcard #21
Term: Freedom of consciences
Definition: Principle of individual freedom in religion.

Flashcard #22
Term: Mercantilism
Definition: Economic policy maximizing exports and minimizing imports for national wealth.

Flashcard #23
Term: Iroquois Confederacy
Definition: Alliance of Native American tribes influential in colonial diplomacy.

Flashcard #24
Term: Jonathan Edwards
Definition: Key figure in the First Great Awakening.

Flashcard #25
Term: Bacon's Rebellion
Definition: 1676 uprising in Virginia over frontier defense and governance.

Flashcard #26
Term: Headright system
Definition: Land grants to settlers recruiting indentured servants.

Flashcard #27
Term: Halfway Covenant
Definition: Allowed partial church membership for the unconverted in Puritan colonies.

Flashcard #28
Term: Harvard College
Definition: Founded in 1636 to train Puritan ministers.

Flashcard #29
Term: Salutary neglect
Definition: British policy of lax enforcement of colonial laws.

Flashcard #30
Term: Salem Witch Trials
Definition: 1692 trials in Massachusetts reflecting mass hysteria.

Flashcard #31
Term: Middle Passage
Definition: Slave trade route between Africa and the Americas.

Flashcard #32
Term: Albany Plan
Definition: Benjamin Franklin's 1754 plan for colonial unity, rejected by colonies and Britain.

Flashcard #33
Term: City on a Hill
Definition: Puritan vision of a model Christian society.

Flashcard #34
Term: Phyllis Wheatly
Definition: First African American woman to publish poetry.

Flashcard #35
Term: James Oglethorpe
Definition: Founder of Georgia as a haven for debtors.

Flashcard #36
Term: William Penn
Definition: Founder of Pennsylvania as a Quaker colony.

Flashcard #37
Term: Puritans
Definition: Religious reformers seeking to purify the Church of England.

Flashcard #38
Term: Proclamation of 1763
Definition: Forbade settlement west of the Appalachians.

Flashcard #39
Term: Boston Tea Party
Definition: Protest against British taxation (1773).

Flashcard #40
Term: Battle of Saratoga
Definition: Turning point in the Revolutionary War (1777).

Flashcard #41
Term: Thomas Paine/Common Sense
Definition: Pamphlet advocating independence from Britain (1776).

Flashcard #42
Term: Coercive/Intolerable Acts
Definition: Punished Massachusetts after the Boston Tea Party.

Flashcard #43
Term: No taxation without representation
Definition: Colonial protest against lack of representation in Parliament.

Flashcard #44
Term: Crisis Papers
Definition: Paine’s essays rallying Revolutionary support.

Flashcard #45
Term: Loyalists/Tories
Definition: Colonists loyal to Britain during the Revolution.

Flashcard #46
Term: Stamp Act
Definition: 1765 tax on printed materials; repealed after protests.

Flashcard #47
Term: Stamp Act Congress
Definition: Delegates organized resistance to the Stamp Act.

Flashcard #48
Term: Sons of Liberty
Definition: Group opposing British policies, led protests like the Boston Tea Party.

Flashcard #49
Term: Non-importation agreements
Definition: Boycotts of British goods to protest taxes.

Flashcard #50
Term: Olive Branch Petition
Definition: Final attempt for peace with Britain (1775).

Flashcard #51
Term: First/Second Continental Congress
Definition: Gatherings to coordinate resistance and declare independence.

Flashcard #52
Term: Virtual representation
Definition: British argument that Parliament represented all subjects, including colonists.

Flashcard #53
Term: Pontiac's Rebellion
Definition: Native uprising against British post-war policies (1763).

Flashcard #54
Term: Boston Massacre
Definition: British soldiers killed five colonists in 1770.

Flashcard #55
Term: Gaspee Affair
Definition: Burning of British customs ship by colonists (1772).

Flashcard #56
Term: Quartering Act
Definition: Required colonists to house British soldiers.

Flashcard #57
Term: Paxton Boys
Definition: Frontier settlers protesting colonial government policies.

Flashcard #58
Term: Sugar Act (1764)
Definition: Tax on sugar to raise revenue after the French and Indian War.

Flashcard #59
Term: Townshend Acts
Definition: Taxes on imports like tea and paper (1767).

Flashcard #60
Term: Tea Act
Definition: Tax favoring British tea monopoly, led to the Boston Tea Party.

Flashcard #61
Term: Monroe Doctrine
Definition: Declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization (1823).

Flashcard #62
Term: Corrupt Bargain
Definition: Alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the 1824 election.

Flashcard #63
Term: Marbury v. Madison
Definition: Established judicial review (1803).

Flashcard #64
Term: Embargo Act 1807
Definition: Prohibited American exports to punish Britain and France, hurting the U.S. economy.

Flashcard #65
Term: Loose/Strict Constructionism
Definition: Debate over interpreting the Constitution broadly or narrowly.

Flashcard #66
Term: Bank of the United States
Definition: Central bank created by Hamilton, debated over its constitutionality.

Flashcard #67
Term: Louisiana Purchase
Definition: 1803 acquisition doubling U.S. territory.

Flashcard #68
Term: Lewis and Clark
Definition: Explored the Louisiana Territory (1804–1806).

Flashcard #69
Term: Yeomen Farmers
Definition: Independent landowners, idealized in Jeffersonian democracy.

Flashcard #70
Term: Tecumseh
Definition: Native leader opposing U.S. expansion, allied with Britain in the War of 1812.

Flashcard #71
Term: Gibbons v. Ogden
Definition: Strengthened federal power over interstate commerce (1824).

Flashcard #72
Term: Virginia-Kentucky Resolutions
Definition: Asserted states’ rights to nullify federal laws (1798–1799).

Flashcard #73
Term: Jay Treaty
Definition: Resolved issues with Britain post-Revolution, unpopular in the U.S. (1794).

Flashcard #74
Term: Treaty of Ghent
Definition: Ended the War of 1812, restoring prewar boundaries (1814).

Flashcard #75
Term: Shay's Rebellion
Definition: 1786 revolt highlighting weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Flashcard #76
Term: Whiskey Rebellion
Definition: 1794 protest against federal excise tax, tested the new Constitution.

Flashcard #77
Term: Land Ordinance of 1785
Definition: System for surveying and selling western lands.

Flashcard #78
Term: Northwest Ordinance
Definition: Banned slavery in the Northwest Territory, outlined statehood process.

Flashcard #79
Term: Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion
Definition: Failed slave revolt in Virginia (1800).

Flashcard #80
Term: Critical Period
Definition: Era of instability under the Articles of Confederation.

Flashcard #81
Term: Lowell/Waltham System
Definition: Factory system employing young women under strict rules.

Flashcard #82
Term: Annapolis Convention
Definition: 1786 meeting leading to the Constitutional Convention.

Flashcard #83
Term: XYZ Affair
Definition: Diplomatic scandal leading to anti-French sentiment (1797).

Flashcard #84
Term: Erie Canal
Definition: Linked the Great Lakes and the Hudson River, boosting trade (1825).

Flashcard #85
Term: Orders in Council
Definition: British trade restrictions contributing to the War of 1812.

Flashcard #86
Term: War Hawks
Definition: Advocates for war with Britain in 1812, led by Clay and Calhoun.

Flashcard #87
Term: Impressment
Definition: British seizure of American sailors, a cause of the War of 1812.

Flashcard #88
Term: Hartford Convention
Definition: Federalist meeting opposing the War of 1812; damaged their party.

Flashcard #89
Term: Cotton Gin/Eli Whitney
Definition: Revolutionized cotton production and expanded slavery (1793).

Flashcard #90
Term: Declaration of Independence
Definition: Formalized the colonies’ break from Britain (1776).

Flashcard #91
Term: American Colonization Society
Definition: Advocated sending freed slaves to Africa.

Flashcard #92
Term: Articles of Confederation
Definition: First U.S. government framework, weak central authority.

Flashcard #93
Term: Missouri Compromise
Definition: Balanced slave/free states, prohibited slavery north of 36°30′ (1820).

Flashcard #94
Term: Republicanism/Democracy
Definition: Ideals emphasizing civic virtue and self-government.

Flashcard #95
Term: Three-fifths Compromise
Definition: Counted slaves as 3/5 of a person for representation.

Flashcard #96
Term: Adams-Onis Treaty
Definition: Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. (1819).

Flashcard #97
Term: Interchangeable Parts
Definition: Whitney's system standardizing manufacturing components.

Flashcard #98
Term: Deism
Definition: Belief in reason and observation of the natural world over revealed religion.

Flashcard #99
Term: American System
Definition: Henry Clay’s plan for economic growth via tariffs, a national bank, and infrastructure.

Flashcard #100
Term: Henry Clay
Definition: Statesman advocating the American System and compromises.

Flashcard #101
Term: Revolution of 1800
Definition: Peaceful transfer of power between political parties.

Flashcard #102
Term: Bill of Rights
Definition: First 10 amendments protecting individual liberties.

Flashcard #103
Term: Washington's Farewell Address
Definition: Warned against political parties and foreign alliances.

Flashcard #104
Term: Full Funding/Assumption
Definition: Hamilton’s plan to manage Revolutionary War debt.

Flashcard #105
Term: Judicial Review
Definition: Courts’ power to strike down unconstitutional laws.

Flashcard #106
Term: Connecticut (Great) Compromise
Definition: Created a bicameral Congress.

Flashcard #107
Term: Virginia/New Jersey Plans
Definition: Proposals for Congressional representation based on population or equality.

Flashcard #108
Term: Era of Good Feelings
Definition: Period of political unity after the War of 1812.

Flashcard #109
Term: Barbary Pirates
Definition: North African states extorting tribute from U.S. shipping.

Flashcard #110
Term: Samuel Slater
Definition: Father of the American factory system.

Flashcard #111
Term: Citizen Genet
Definition: French envoy causing diplomatic controversy in the U.S.

Flashcard #112
Term: Undeclared Naval War
Definition: U.S.-French conflict (1798–1800).

Flashcard #113
Term: Federalist/First American Party System
Definition: Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans on national power and policies.

Flashcard #114
Term: Alien and Sedition Acts
Definition: Laws restricting speech and targeting immigrants.

Flashcard #115
Term: Treaty of Alliance 1778
Definition: Military alliance with France during the Revolution.

Flashcard #116
Term: Benjamin Banneker
Definition: African American scientist and surveyor of Washington, D.C.

Flashcard #117
Term: Pinckney Treaty
Definition: Secured navigation rights on the Mississippi from Spain.

Flashcard #118
Term: Treaty of Paris 1783
Definition: Ended the Revolutionary War, recognizing U.S. independence.

Flashcard #119
Term: Haitian Rebellion
Definition: Slave uprising leading to Haiti's independence (1791–1804).

Flashcard #120
Term: National Republicans
Definition: Faction favoring Clay’s American System and federal power.

Flashcard #121
Term: Republican Motherhood
Definition: Emphasized women’s role in fostering civic virtue at home.

Flashcard #122
Term: Seneca Falls Convention
Definition: First women’s rights convention advocating suffrage (1848).

Flashcard #123
Term: Trail of Tears
Definition: Forced removal of Native Americans to Indian Territory (1830s).

Flashcard #124
Term: Compromise of 1850
Definition: Admitted California as a free state, strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act.

Flashcard #125
Term: Dorothea Dix
Definition: Advocate for mental health reform and asylum creation.

Flashcard #126
Term: Emancipation Proclamation
Definition: Freed slaves in Confederate states during the Civil War (1863).

Flashcard #127
Term: Nullification
Definition: Idea that states could invalidate federal laws, exemplified by South Carolina (1832).

Flashcard #128
Term: John C. Calhoun
Definition: Southern leader and proponent of states’ rights.

Flashcard #129
Term: Hinton Helper/Impending Crisis
Definition: Criticized slavery’s economic impact on non-slaveholding whites.

Flashcard #130
Term: William Lloyd Garrison/Liberator
Definition: Radical abolitionist newspaper demanding immediate emancipation.

Flashcard #131
Term: Oregon Territory
Definition: U.S. gained full control after treaty with Britain (1846).

Flashcard #132
Term: Dred Scott v. Sandford
Definition: Declared African Americans were not citizens (1857).

Flashcard #133
Term: Spoils System/Rotation in Office
Definition: Practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs.

Flashcard #134
Term: Stephen Douglas
Definition: Politician who debated Lincoln and advocated popular sovereignty.

Flashcard #135
Term: Bank War
Definition: Jackson’s campaign to dismantle the Second Bank of the U.S.

Flashcard #136
Term: Popular Sovereignty
Definition: Allowed territories to decide on slavery through voting.

Flashcard #137
Term: Wilmot Proviso
Definition: Proposed to ban slavery in territory from the Mexican-American War.

Flashcard #138
Term: Mexican Cession
Definition: Land acquired from Mexico in 1848 (Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo).

Flashcard #139
Term: Gadsden Purchase
Definition: Bought land from Mexico for a southern railroad (1854).

Flashcard #140
Term: John Deere
Definition: Invented the steel plow, revolutionizing agriculture.

Flashcard #141
Term: Cyrus McCormick
Definition: Invented the mechanical reaper, increasing grain production.

Flashcard #142
Term: American Anti-Slavery Society
Definition: Abolitionist organization led by Garrison.

Flashcard #143
Term: Maine Laws
Definition: Early temperance laws banning alcohol (1851).

Flashcard #144
Term: Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Definition: Ended Mexican-American War; U.S. gained Mexican Cession (1848).

Flashcard #145
Term: Irish Immigration
Definition: Surge in immigration due to the Potato Famine (1840s).

Flashcard #146
Term: Mexican-American War
Definition: U.S. victory gaining significant western territory (1846–1848).

Flashcard #147
Term: John Slidell
Definition: Diplomat sent to negotiate with Mexico before the war.

Flashcard #148
Term: Trent Affair
Definition: Diplomatic crisis during the Civil War involving Britain.

Flashcard #149
Term: Abolitionists
Definition: Advocates for ending slavery.

Flashcard #150
Term: Free Soilers
Definition: Opposed slavery’s expansion into new territories.

Flashcard #151
Term: Know Nothing/American Party
Definition: Anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic political movement.

Flashcard #152
Term: Bleeding Kansas
Definition: Violent clashes over slavery in Kansas (1850s).

Flashcard #153
Term: Second Great Awakening
Definition: Religious revival promoting reform movements.

Flashcard #154
Term: Mormons
Definition: Religious group founded by Joseph Smith, led to Utah by Brigham Young.

Flashcard #155
Term: Horace Mann
Definition: Advocate for public education reform.

Flashcard #156
Term: Worcester v. Georgia
Definition: Ruled states couldn’t control Native lands; ignored by Jackson.

Flashcard #157
Term: Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Definition: Weakened Northern laws protecting escaped slaves.

Flashcard #158
Term: Commonwealth v. Hunt
Definition: Legalized labor unions in Massachusetts (1842).

Flashcard #159
Term: Charles River Bridge Case
Definition: Strengthened public interest over private contracts.

Flashcard #160
Term: Kansas-Nebraska Act
Definition: Allowed popular sovereignty, repealing the Missouri Compromise.

Flashcard #161
Term: Transcendentalism
Definition: Philosophical movement emphasizing individualism and nature.

Flashcard #162
Term: Cult of Domesticity/True Womanhood
Definition: Ideology confining women to the home as moral guardians.

Flashcard #163
Term: Manifest Destiny
Definition: Belief in U.S. expansion across the continent.

Flashcard #164
Term: Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Definition: Resolved Maine border disputes with Britain (1842).

Flashcard #165
Term: Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
Definition: U.S.-Britain agreement to avoid exclusive control of Central American canals.

Flashcard #166
Term: Republican Party/3rd American Party System
Definition: Formed opposing slavery’s expansion (1854).

Flashcard #167
Term: Whigs/2nd American Party System
Definition: Political party supporting industry, internal improvements, and reform.

Flashcard #168
Term: Gag Rule
Definition: Forbade discussing slavery in Congress (1836–1844).

Flashcard #169
Term: Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Definition: Highlighted debates on slavery during Illinois Senate race (1858).

Flashcard #170
Term: Freeport Doctrine
Definition: Douglas’s position on local control over slavery.

Flashcard #171
Term: DeTocqueville/Democracy in America
Definition: Frenchman’s analysis of U.S. democracy.

Flashcard #172
Term: Tariff of Abominations
Definition: High tariff angering the South (1828).

Flashcard #173
Term: James K. Polk
Definition: Expansionist president who acquired Oregon and led the U.S. in the Mexican War.

Flashcard #174
Term: William Seward
Definition: Anti-slavery politician and Lincoln’s Secretary of State.

Flashcard #175
Term: Ostend Manifesto
Definition: U.S. proposal to buy Cuba from Spain; seen as pro-slavery.

Flashcard #176
Term: Apologist’s View of Slavery
Definition: Defense of slavery as a 'positive good'.

Flashcard #177
Term: Fugitive Slave Law
Definition: Required escaped slaves to be returned to owners.

Flashcard #178
Term: Antebellum
Definition: Pre-Civil War period.

Flashcard #179
Term: Force Act
Definition: Empowered federal troops to enforce Reconstruction laws.

Flashcard #180
Term: Removal of Deposits
Definition: Jackson’s move to dismantle the Second Bank of the U.S.

Flashcard #181
Term: Battle of Antietam
Definition: Bloodiest single day in the Civil War, leading to the Emancipation Proclamation.

Flashcard #182
Term: Homestead Act
Definition: Gave settlers free land to encourage western migration (1862).

Flashcard #183
Term: Harriet Beecher Stowe/Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Definition: Influential anti-slavery novel (1852).

Flashcard #184
Term: Lucretia Mott
Definition: Quaker and women's rights activist.

Flashcard #185
Term: Brigham Young
Definition: Led Mormon migration to Utah.

Flashcard #186
Term: Neal Dow
Definition: “Father of Prohibition,” advocating temperance.

Flashcard #187
Term: Independent Treasury
Definition: System for federal funds to bypass banks (1840).

Flashcard #188
Term: Specie Circular
Definition: Required payment for land in gold or silver, worsening the Panic of 1837.

Flashcard #189
Term: Sumner-Brooks Affair
Definition: Violent Senate incident over slavery (1856).

Flashcard #190
Term: Nashville Convention
Definition: Southern states’ meeting to discuss secession (1850).

Flashcard #191
Term: Crittenden Compromise
Definition: Failed proposal to prevent Civil War by protecting slavery.

Flashcard #192
Term: Underground Railroad
Definition: Network helping escaped slaves reach freedom.

Flashcard #193
Term: Morrill Land Grant Act
Definition: Funded agricultural colleges with public land sales (1862).

Flashcard #194
Term: Lecompton Constitution
Definition: Pro-slavery Kansas constitution rejected by Congress.

Flashcard #195
Term: National Banking Act
Definition: Created a standardized banking system during the Civil War (1863).

Flashcard #196
Term: Compact Theory
Definition: Belief that states formed the Union and could nullify laws.

Flashcard #197
Term: Perpetual Union
Definition: Idea that states cannot secede from the Union.

Flashcard #198
Term: Nature of the Union
Definition: Debate over federal vs. state authority.

Flashcard #199
Term: Frederick Douglass
Definition: Former slave, prominent abolitionist, and writer.

Flashcard #200
Term: New Immigrants
Definition: Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe after 1880.

Flashcard #201
Term: Old Immigrants
Definition: Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe before 1880.

Flashcard #202
Term: Radical Reconstruction
Definition: Period after the Civil War characterized by harsh policies for Southern states.

Flashcard #203
Term: Black Codes
Definition: Laws restricting the freedom and rights of African Americans in the South.

Flashcard #204
Term: 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
Definition: Abolished slavery, defined citizenship and equal protection under the law, and guaranteed voting rights regardless of race.

Flashcard #205
Term: Plessy v. Ferguson
Definition: Supreme Court decision that established the 'separate but equal' doctrine (1896).

Flashcard #206
Term: Populist (People’s) Party
Definition: Agrarian-based political movement advocating for government control of railroads, free coinage of silver, and other reforms.

Flashcard #207
Term: Bread and Butter Unionism
Definition: Focus on wages, hours, and conditions in the workplace by labor unions.

Flashcard #208
Term: Joseph Pulitzer
Definition: Newspaper publisher influential in the development of yellow journalism.

Flashcard #209
Term: Molly McGuires
Definition: Secret labor organization in the coalfields of Pennsylvania.

Flashcard #210
Term: Spanish-American War
Definition: Conflict with Spain leading to U.S. control of overseas territories (1898).

Flashcard #211
Term: Knights of Labor
Definition: Early labor union advocating for broad social reforms and labor rights.

Flashcard #212
Term: American Federation of Labor
Definition: Labor union focused on skilled workers’ rights.

Flashcard #213
Term: National Labor Union
Definition: Early national labor federation, short-lived but influential.

Flashcard #214
Term: Crop Lien System
Definition: Credit system for sharecroppers and tenant farmers in the South.

Flashcard #215
Term: Sharecropping
Definition: System of agriculture where landowners provided land and tools in exchange for a share of the harvest.

Flashcard #216
Term: Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor
Definition: Book exposing the mistreatment of Native Americans.

Flashcard #217
Term: Booker T. Washington
Definition: African American leader advocating vocational education and economic self-help.

Flashcard #218
Term: Social Gospel
Definition: Movement to apply Christian principles to social issues, especially poverty and inequality.

Flashcard #219
Term: Gospel of Wealth
Definition: Carnegie’s philosophy promoting philanthropy among the wealthy.

Flashcard #220
Term: Dawes Act
Definition: Aimed to assimilate Native Americans by allotting land for farming and abolishing tribal customs.

Flashcard #221
Term: Jingoism
Definition: Intense nationalism and support for aggressive foreign policy.

Flashcard #222
Term: Yellow Journalism
Definition: Sensationalized news reporting to attract readers.

Flashcard #223
Term: Sherman Anti-trust Act
Definition: First federal act to outlaw monopolistic business practices (1890).

Flashcard #224
Term: Alfred Thayer Mahan
Definition: Naval officer advocating for U.S. naval power for international influence.

Flashcard #225
Term: Social Darwinism
Definition: Idea applying natural selection to economics and society, justifying inequality.

Flashcard #226
Term: Settlement House Movement
Definition: Focused on urban reform and providing services to immigrants and the poor.

Flashcard #227
Term: Horizontal Integration
Definition: Strategy of combining competitors in the same industry.

Flashcard #228
Term: Vertical Integration
Definition: Strategy of controlling all aspects of production from raw materials to finished product.

Flashcard #229
Term: William Jennings Bryan
Definition: Populist politician advocating free silver and rural interests.

Flashcard #230
Term: Freedmen’s Bureau
Definition: Federal agency to assist freed slaves and poor whites in the South after the Civil War.

Flashcard #231
Term: Cult of Domesticity
Definition: Idealization of women’s roles within the home as wives and mothers.

Flashcard #232
Term: Battle of Little Bighorn
Definition: Custer’s defeat by Sioux and Cheyenne warriors (1876).

Flashcard #233
Term: Sioux Wars
Definition: Series of conflicts over land and the Dakota War of 1862.

Flashcard #234
Term: Boxer Rebellion
Definition: Chinese uprising against foreign influence (1899–1901).

Flashcard #235
Term: Turner (Frontier) Thesis
Definition: Argument that American democracy was shaped by the frontier experience.

Flashcard #236
Term: Gilded Age
Definition: Period of rapid economic growth and ostentatious wealth (1870s–1900).

Flashcard #237
Term: Samuel Gompers
Definition: Leader of the American Federation of Labor.

Flashcard #238
Term: Pragmatism (William James)
Definition: Philosophical movement emphasizing practical consequences of ideas.

Flashcard #239
Term: Haymarket Incident
Definition: Riot following a labor strike in Chicago (1886), leading to anti-union sentiment.

Flashcard #240
Term: Civil Rights Act of 1866
Definition: Guaranteed rights to African Americans; vetoed by Johnson but overridden.

Flashcard #241
Term: Tenure of Office Act
Definition: Required Senate approval for the removal of federal officials (1867).

Flashcard #242
Term: Scalawags
Definition: Southern whites supporting Republican Reconstruction.

Flashcard #243
Term: Farmer’s Alliances
Definition: Agrarian organizations advocating for political and economic reforms.

Flashcard #244
Term: William Randolph Hearst
Definition: Newspaper publisher and rival to Pulitzer, influential in yellow journalism.

Flashcard #245
Term: Compromise of 1877
Definition: Ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South.

Flashcard #246
Term: Jim Crow Laws
Definition: Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction.

Flashcard #247
Term: Granger Laws
Definition: Regulations to control railroads and grain storage rates.

Flashcard #248
Term: Atlanta Compromise
Definition: Speech by Booker T. Washington emphasizing vocational training for blacks.

Flashcard #249
Term: Redemption (Redeemers)
Definition: Southern Democrats reclaiming state governments from Republicans.

Flashcard #250
Term: Henry George, Progress and Poverty
Definition: Book critiquing industrialization and proposing land reform.

Flashcard #251
Term: John Dewey
Definition: Philosopher and education reformer advocating progressive education.

Flashcard #252
Term: “Waving the Bloody Shirt”
Definition: Political tactic recalling Civil War heroism to win elections.

Flashcard #253
Term: Bland-Allison Act
Definition: Authorized coinage of limited silver (1878).

Flashcard #254
Term: Thomas Nast
Definition: Cartoonist known for exposing corruption.

Flashcard #255
Term: Seward’s Folly
Definition: Criticism of the purchase of Alaska (1867).

Flashcard #256
Term: Edwin Stanton
Definition: Secretary of War dismissed by Andrew Johnson, triggering his impeachment.

Flashcard #257
Term: Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Definition: Required the U.S. Treasury to buy silver for coinage (1890).

Flashcard #258
Term: Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward
Definition: Utopian novel depicting a future socialist America.

Flashcard #259
Term: The Grange
Definition: National organization for farmers, focusing on economic and political cooperation.

Flashcard #260
Term: Pendleton (Civil Service) Act
Definition: Established merit-based federal employment (1883).

Flashcard #261
Term: Boss Tweed
Definition: Political boss of Tammany Hall, symbol of corruption in New York City.

Flashcard #262
Term: Young Men's Christian Association
Definition: Organization promoting Christian principles and social reform.

Flashcard #263
Term: Salvation Army
Definition: Religious charity providing social services.

Flashcard #264
Term: Chautauqua Movement
Definition: Adult education movement through lectures and self-improvement.

Flashcard #265
Term: Open Range
Definition: System for cattle grazing on unfenced public lands.

Flashcard #266
Term: Munn v Illinois
Definition: Supreme Court decision allowing states to regulate businesses.

Flashcard #267
Term: “Forty Acres and a Mule”
Definition: Phrase symbolizing promises made to freed slaves that were not fulfilled.

Flashcard #268
Term: Pullman Strike
Definition: Railroad strike of 1894 led by Eugene V. Debs, shut down much of the nation’s freight and passenger traffic.

Flashcard #269
Term: Interstate Commerce Act
Definition: First federal regulation of railroads (1887).

Flashcard #270
Term: Coxey’s Army
Definition: Protest march during the Depression of 1893 demanding jobs and public works programs.

Flashcard #271
Term: Frederick Olmsted
Definition: Landscape architect known for urban parks like Central Park.

Flashcard #272
Term: Louis Sullivan
Definition: Architect known for skyscraper designs.

Flashcard #273
Term: Chinese Exclusion Act
Definition: Banned Chinese immigration and limited civil rights of Chinese already in the U.S. (1882).

Flashcard #274
Term: Injunction
Definition: Court order requiring someone to do or not do something.

Flashcard #275
Term: Long Drives
Definition: Herding cattle from Texas to railheads in Kansas.

Flashcard #276
Term: Andrew Carnegie
Definition: Steel magnate known for vertical integration.

Flashcard #277
Term: “Crime of '73”
Definition: U.S. government’s decision to demonetize silver.

Flashcard #278
Term: John Peter Altgeld
Definition: Governor of Illinois who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists.

Flashcard #279
Term: Crédit Mobilier Scandal
Definition: Construction company overcharging Union Pacific Railroad and Congress.

Flashcard #280
Term: Horatio Alger
Definition: Novelist promoting the 'rags to riches' success story.

Flashcard #281
Term: J.P. Morgan
Definition: Banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation.

Flashcard #282
Term: Teller Amendment
Definition: Pledged U.S. not to annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

Flashcard #283
Term: Platt Amendment
Definition: Authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba for stability.

Flashcard #284
Term: Chief Joseph
Definition: Leader of the Nez Perce who resisted relocation.

Flashcard #285
Term: Wounded Knee
Definition: Massacre of Sioux by U.S. troops in 1890, ending Indian resistance.

Flashcard #286
Term: John D. Rockefeller
Definition: Oil magnate known for horizontal integration.

Flashcard #287
Term: Cross of Gold Speech
Definition: Speech by William Jennings Bryan advocating for free silver.

Flashcard #288
Term: Anti-Saloon League & WCTU
Definition: Advocated for prohibition and temperance laws.

Flashcard #289
Term: Pullman Strike
Definition: Major labor conflict that disrupted rail service in 1894.

Flashcard #290
Term: Ida Wells
Definition: Journalist and activist advocating against lynching and for civil rights.

Flashcard #291
Term: Jacob Riis, How The Other Half Lives
Definition: Exposé on urban poverty and living conditions in New York City.