AP World Guide: Unit 5-Revolutions

Overview:

• More integrated into global train network

• New tech (locomotives, telegraphs, steel mills, threat spinning machines)

• Industrial revolution

• Massive human migration

• Nation states instead of large multi ethnic empires or homogeneous kingdoms

• Slaves/forced labor

Important Events:

• 1762- Jean Jacques Rousseau publishes The Social Contract

• 1765- James Watt creates steam engine, helps start Industrial revolution

• 1776- American Revolution begins

• 1789- French Revolution begins

• 1801- Toussaint L’Ouverture creates a constitution for Haiti

• 1815- Simon Bolivar’s "Jamaica Letter” describes his goals for Latin America

• 1848- American women organize the Seneca Falls convention

• 1868- Meiji era begins, marking the start of Japan’s rapid industrialization

5.1 The Enlightenment

• How did the Enlightenment shape intellectual & ideological thinking that affected reform & revolution after 1750?

Key Terms:

• Social Contract-people live together in society in accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior

• Tabula Rasa- blank slate waiting to be filled with knowledge

• Philosophes- Group of thinkers & writers exploring social, political & economic theories in the 18th century

• Enlightenment- emphasis on reason & individualism over tradition & community values, freedom & self determination challenged roles of church & monarchs, seeds of revolution for the US & France

• Nationalism- Intense loyalty to those sharing one’s language & culture

• Empiricism- belief that knowledge comes from experience not tradition (data over

  traditions)

• Deism- Belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion (laws can be understood via scientific inquiry rather than the Bible)

• Conservatism- belief in traditional institutions, favoring experience over ideological theories

• Classical liberalism- belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics & reduced spending on armies & the established churches (professionals, writers, academics)

• Feminism- Emergence of movement for women’s rights & equality

• Abolitionism- Movement to end the Atlantic slave trade & free all enslaved people

• Zionism- Desire of Jews to reestablish independence where their ancestors lived in the Middle East

• Anti-Semitism- Hostility towards Jews & pogroms

• The Wealth of Nations- Written by Adam Smith, called for free trade (1776)

• Laissez-faire- Government reduced interventions in economic decisions

• Capitalism- Means of production are privately owned (profit)

• Socialism- System of public/direct ownership of means of production

• Utopian socialists- Society could be channelled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities

• Fabian Society- Socialist groups in England

Key People

• John Locke- Philosopher & author of Two Treaties of Government (1890)

• Baron Montesquieu- Spirit of Laws, 1747, praised British government’s use of checks & balances (parliament), influenced US

• Voltaire- Famous for wit & advocacy of civil liberties, exiled for 3 years in England & developed appreciation for constitutional monarchy & civil liberties

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau- contemporary of Voltaire & writer, expanded idea of social contract. He was an optimist & inspired many revolutionaries

• Thomas Paine- Author popular for advocating liberty from Britain (but anti-church writings damaged popularity)

• Mary Wollstonecraft- argued females should receive the same education as males to participate in political & professional society instead of relying on men

• Theodor Herzl- Led zionist movement, Austro-Hungarian Jew

• Adam Smith- One of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment (mercantilism → freer trade

• Henri de St. Simon- believed scientists & engineers working with businesses could operate clean, efficient beautiful places to work & produce useful items and also proposed building Egypt’s Suez Canal

• Charles Fourier- Identified passions to make work more enjoyable & workers less tired

  • Harmonious living → less class struggle (Marx)

• Robert Owen- Established intentional small societies governed by utopian socialist principles

  • Believed in education for working kids, communal ownership, education & free time

5.2 Nationalism & Revolutions

• What were the causes & effects of the various revolutions in the period 1750-1900, including influences of the Enlightenment & emerging nationalism?

Key terms

• Declaration of Independence- July 4, 1776, expressed philosophy re opposition to British, written by Thomas Jefferson

  • Unalienable rights borrowed from John Locke

• Philosophes- Public intellectuals who applied reason to different areas of study

• Declaration of the Rights of Man- French statement declaring basic human rights

• Reign of Terror- Government executed thousands of people opposing the revolution, including the king & queen

• Propaganda Movement- Magazines, pamphlets & publications advocating for more autonomy for the Philippines but not calling for revolution or independence

• Realpolitik- pragmatic politics based on practical rather than moral considerations

• Liberte, egalite, et fraternite- Liberty, equality, & fraternity, “radical” but popularized by philosophes

• Risorgimento- Italian resurgence, unified Italy politically & culturally

• Ottomanism- Movement aimed to modernize & unify the Ottoman Empire

• Maroons- Escaped Haitian slaves

• Mestizos- Born of European & Native American parents

• Peninsulares- Colonists born in Spain or Portugal

• Mulattoes- Born of African & European parents

• Bastille- A former prison that symbolized abuses of the monarchy & corrupt aristocracy

  • Stormed July 14, 1789 (French Independence Day)

• Italian Peninsula- Region divided by kingdoms & city states later unified under the House of Savoy, and later, Italy

Key people

• Toussaint L’Ouverture- Formerly enslaved general who led enslaved Africans & marrons to establish an independent government & rebel against slavery, France Spain & England (Haiti)

• Simon Bolivar- Creole who pushed for enlightenment philosophy in Latin America & promoted independence in present day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador & Peru

• Lola Rodriguez de Tio- Recognized poet exiled 3 times for her critiques of Spain’s rule first over Puerto Rico, then Cuba

• Giuseppe Mazzini- Agitator for Italian resurgence

• Giuseppe Garibaldi- Leader of the Red Shirts military force, fighting in the kingdom of Naples

• Otto von Bismarck- Used nationalist feelings to engineer 3 wars to bring German unification

  • Prussia vs Denmark (1864)

  • 7 Weeks War (Prussia vs Austria, 1866)

  • Franco- Prussian War(1870)

  • German empire founded in 1871 with territory from the wars they’d won (see above)

5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins

• What factors contributed to & characterized industrialization (1750-1900)?

Technology

• Spinning Jenny- Created by James Hargreaves, reduced yarn spinning time

• Water frame- Patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769, reduced cloth weaving time by using water to power spinning wheels

• Factory system- Textile production moved to factories (founded by Richard Arkwright)

• Agricultural Revolution- Early 1700s, increased food productivity

• Crop rotation- Rotating different crops through different fields each year

• Seed drill- Places seeds into designated spots in the ground

Environment

• Seaways- Geographic advantage for Britain (leader in industrialization)

• Raw materials- Seaways were well placed to import raw materials

• Manchester & Liverpool- Due to industrialization, these cities urban populations grew

Economic

• Industrial Revolution- Dramatic change in society & economies due to the development of new technologies

• Industrialization- Increased mechanization of production

• Cottage industry- Small scale industries where production occurs in homes

• Eli Whitney- Created interchangeable parts

• Interchangeable parts- Broken components could be replaced with identical parts

• Division of Labor- Dividing up tasks instead of skilled laborers

• Specialization of labor- Each worker focused on one task

• Assembly line- Manufacturing process where products move along a conveyor belt

• Capital- Money available to invest in businesses

• Enclosure Movement- Government fenced off “the commons” and gave it to people who paid to use it or bought it to farm/garden on

5.4 industrialization Spreads

• How did different types & locations of production develop & change over time?

Economic

• Trans Siberian Railroad- Moscow-Pacific railroad, developed coal, iron & steel industries in Russia & allowed for easier trade to East Asia (China & Japan)

• Human Capital- The workforce

• Company Rule- Form British control over territories

  • East India Co control over parts of India

Other important info

• After Britain industrialized, Belgium, France, Germany, Russia & Japan followed suit, respectively

  • France had a revolution

  • Germany was fragmented

5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age

• How did technology shape economic production 1750-1900?

Environment

• Coal- used to create steam

• Coaling stations- Refueling points for steam powered ships

Technology

• Alexander Graham Bell- Issued a telephone patent in 1876

• Guglielmo Marconi- Italian physicist whose experiments helped create the radio

• Transcontinental Railroad- Connected the Atlantic & Pacific oceans, facilitated US industrial growth

Economic

• Steam Engine- Generated energy for machines in factories using coal power

• James Watt- Made the steam engine

• Steel- Backbone of industrial society (Bessemer process)

• Oil- Led to developments like combustion engines (cars)

• Capital- Money available to invest in a business

Society

• 2nd Industrial Revolution

  • 1st- textiles, steam power, & iron but 2nd- steel, chemicals, precision materials & electronics (late 1800s-early 1900s)

5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Rule

• What economic strategies did different states & empires adopt and what were the causes & effects of those strategies?

Political

• Mamluks- Formerly enslaved Turks who formed a military class

• Muhammad Ali- Albanian-Ottoman officer, governor of Egypt

• Meiji Restoration- Japan overthrew the Shogun & restored power to the Emperor in 1868 to adopt enough Western technology to protect traditional culture

• Charter Oath- 1868, officially abolished feudalism in Japan

Economic

• Commodore Matthew Perry- Led a naval squad in 1853 & sailed into Edo & Tokyo Bay asking for trade privileges

• Zaibatsu- Powerful Japanese family companies

Technology

• Automatic loom- created by Toyoda Loom Works, now present-day Toyota Motor Co

5.7 Economic Development & Innovations

• How did the development of economic systems, ideologies & institutions contribute to change 1750-1900?

Economic

• Corporations- Businesses chartered by a government as a legal entity

• Stockholders- Own corporations, individuals who buy partial ownership

• Stock market- Who stockholders buy company shares from

• Monopoly- Control of a specific business & elimination of all competition

• Cecil Rhodes- Founder of De Beers Diamonds, investor in a railroad project (Cape Town, Africa- Cairo, Egypt) which was never finished

• Transnational- Companies that operated across national boundaries

• Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corp-British owned bank in Hong Kong (18650 focused on finance, corporate investments & global banking

• Unilever Corp- British & Dutch owned, household goods especially soap

Society

• Consumerism- Products advertised to middle class with disposable income

Technology

• Bessemer Process- More efficient way to produce steel

5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy

• What conditions led to calls for change in industrial societies & what were the effects of those efforts?

Economic

• Socialism- 2nd stage of economy, social vs private ownership

• Karl Marx- German writer & scholar who argued for socialism

• Friedrich Engels- Wealthy supporter of Marx

• Communist Manifesto- Summarized Marx & Engels’ views & critique of capitalism

• Means of production- Machines, factories, mines, land

• Communism- Final state of economic development, all class distinctions end

• John Stuart Mill- British philosopher, supported reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor & install safe working conditions

• Utilitarianism- Rational advocates of gradual reform, Mill’s philosophy & addressed problems with capitalism

Society

• Labor unions- Workers arguing for the right to bargain with employers & put it in a contract

• Capitalist basic classes

  • Proletariat- working class, little compensation

  • Bourgeois- Middle class & investors

• Bushido- Japanese code of conduct, not government enforced

• Genros- Japanese elder statesmen

Political

• Mahmud II- Reformed Ottoman system & abolished the feudal system

• Tanzimat- Ottoman reorganization

• Hatt-i Humayun- Ottoman reform edict, updated the legal system

  • Declared equality for all men in education, government & justice regardless of ethnicity or religion

• Millets- Separate legal courts established by religious communities

• Self Strengthening Movement- Modernization of China, strengthened via military, technology, & training Chinese artisans in the manufacturing of items for shipyards & arsenals (French & British helped)

• Emperor Guangxu- Supported 100 days reform

• Hundred Days of Reform-Abolition of outdated civil service exam, elimination of corruption, establishment of Western style industrial, commercial & medical systems

• Empress Dowager Cixi- Feared influence of Western countries & opposed these reforms

5.9 Society & the Industrial Age

• How did industrialization cause change in existing social hierarchies & standards of living?

Economic

• Mass production-Made goods cheaper

Society

• Tenement- Shoddily constructed apartments for factory workers

• Slums- Areas where low-income families were forced to live

• Working class- Those who labored in factories & coal mines

• White collar workers- Office jobs (factory & office managers, etc)

  • Middle class

• “Cult of Domesticity”- Advertisements & consumer culture idealized the female homemaker