AP World Guide: Unit 5-Revolutions

Overview:

• More integrated into global train network

• New tech (locomotives, telegraphs, steel mills, threat spinning machines)

• Industrial revolution

• Massive human migration

• Nation states instead of large multi ethnic empires or homogeneous kingdoms

• Slaves/forced labor

Important Events:

• 1762- Jean Jacques Rousseau publishes The Social Contract

• 1765- James Watt creates steam engine, helps start Industrial revolution

• 1776- American Revolution begins

• 1789- French Revolution begins

• 1801- Toussaint L’Ouverture creates a constitution for Haiti

• 1815- Simon Bolivar’s "Jamaica Letter” describes his goals for Latin America

• 1848- American women organize the Seneca Falls convention

• 1868- Meiji era begins, marking the start of Japan’s rapid industrialization

5.1 The Enlightenment

• How did the Enlightenment shape intellectual & ideological thinking that affected reform & revolution after 1750?

Key Terms:

• Social Contract-people live together in society in accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior

• Tabula Rasa- blank slate waiting to be filled with knowledge

• Philosophes- Group of thinkers & writers exploring social, political & economic theories in the 18th century

• Enlightenment- emphasis on reason & individualism over tradition & community values, freedom & self determination challenged roles of church & monarchs, seeds of revolution for the US & France

• Nationalism- Intense loyalty to those sharing one’s language & culture

• Empiricism- belief that knowledge comes from experience not tradition (data over

  traditions)

• Deism- Belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion (laws can be understood via scientific inquiry rather than the Bible)

• Conservatism- belief in traditional institutions, favoring experience over ideological theories

• Classical liberalism- belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics & reduced spending on armies & the established churches (professionals, writers, academics)

• Feminism- Emergence of movement for women’s rights & equality

• Abolitionism- Movement to end the Atlantic slave trade & free all enslaved people

• Zionism- Desire of Jews to reestablish independence where their ancestors lived in the Middle East

• Anti-Semitism- Hostility towards Jews & pogroms

• The Wealth of Nations- Written by Adam Smith, called for free trade (1776)

• Laissez-faire- Government reduced interventions in economic decisions

• Capitalism- Means of production are privately owned (profit)

• Socialism- System of public/direct ownership of means of production

• Utopian socialists- Society could be channelled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities

• Fabian Society- Socialist groups in England

Key People

• John Locke- Philosopher & author of Two Treaties of Government (1890)

• Baron Montesquieu- Spirit of Laws, 1747, praised British government’s use of checks & balances (parliament), influenced US

• Voltaire- Famous for wit & advocacy of civil liberties, exiled for 3 years in England & developed appreciation for constitutional monarchy & civil liberties

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau- contemporary of Voltaire & writer, expanded idea of social contract. He was an optimist & inspired many revolutionaries

• Thomas Paine- Author popular for advocating liberty from Britain (but anti-church writings damaged popularity)

• Mary Wollstonecraft- argued females should receive the same education as males to participate in political & professional society instead of relying on men

• Theodor Herzl- Led zionist movement, Austro-Hungarian Jew

• Adam Smith-n One of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment (mercantilism → freer trade

• Henri de St. Simon- believed scientists & engineers working with businesses could operate clean, efficient beautiful places to work & produce useful items and also proposed building Egypt’s Suez Canal