NUR 203 Child Health Week 3 Part II

NUR 203 CHILD HEALTH

Week 3 Part II

Learning Objectives

• Use the nursing process as a framework for patient-centered care for children with infectious or communicable illnesses.

• Discuss evidence-based practice and strategies to reduce fever in pediatric patients.

• Develop a care plan for pediatric patients with sepsis or scarlet fever in collaboration with clients, families, and interdisciplinary teams.

• Provide care for children with viral infections, integrating pathophysiology knowledge, pharmacotherapy, and respect for family values.

• Recognize types of conjunctivitis prevalent in pediatric populations.

• Discuss common refractive errors diagnosed in children.

• Incorporate cultural considerations into care plans for pediatric patients with acute otitis media.

• Design care plans focused on communication and support technology for families post-tube placement for ear pressure equalization.

• Examine trends and health protocols for promoting health in pediatric diabetes mellitus patients.

• Prepare educational plans for parents focusing on nutrition for therapeutic outcomes.

CHAPTER 39: Nursing Care of the Child with Sensory Perception Disorders

Sensory Perception

• Definition: Refers to the reception and interpretation of stimuli.

• Common Disorders: Children often suffer from eye and ear-related disorders affecting development.

  • Eye disorders can impair visual acuity.

  • Ear disorders can significantly hinder language acquisition and psychomotor development.

Pediatric Anatomical and Physiological Variations

• Eyes:

  • Binocular vision develops between 3-7 months.

  • Visual acuity is completed by age 5.

• Ears:

  • Hearing is intact at birth.

  • Young children have short, wide Eustachian tubes, increasing the risk of middle ear infections.

Common Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests

• Methods:

  • Visual acuity testing

  • Audiometry and tympanometry

  • Inspection of the tympanic membrane with an otoscope

  • Tympanic fluid culture

Factors Associated with Disorders of the Eyes and Ears

• Congenital Disorders:

  • Examples: cataracts and infantile glaucoma.

• Other Factors:

  • Prematurity

  • Genetic disorders and family history.

Eye Testing During Physical Examination

• Assessments include:

  • Extraocular movements

  • Pupillary light response and accommodation

  • Corneal light reflex asymmetry

  • Red reflex presence with an ophthalmoscope

  • Age-appropriate visual acuity tests.

Common Medical Treatments for Eye Disorders

• Treatments Include:

  • Warm compresses

  • Corrective lenses

  • Patching

  • Eye muscle surgery.

Common Medications for Ear and Eye Disorders

Types of Conjunctivitis

Eyelid Disorders and Management

• Types:

  • Hordeolum (stye)

  • Chalazion

  • Blepharitis

  • Nasolacrimal duct stenosis

• Management Strategies:

  • Topical antibiotic ointment

  • Massage (for nasolacrimal duct stenosis).

Common Eye Disorders Affecting Vision

• Refractive errors

• Strabismus

• Amblyopia

• Nystagmus

• Glaucoma

• Cataracts.

Risk Factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

• Low birth weight

• Early gestational age

• Sepsis

• High light intensity

• Hypothermia

• Hypoxia

• Duration and concentration of supplemental oxygen.

Signs and Symptoms of Visual Impairment

• Any Age: Dull, vacant stare.

• Infants:

  • Does not "fix and follow"

  • No eye contact

  • Unaffected by bright light

• Toddler & Older Children:

  • Rubs or covers eyes

  • Frequent squinting and blinking

  • Holds objects close

  • Head tilt or forward thrust.

Testing of Ears During Physical Examination

• Methods:

  • Audiometry

  • Tympanometry

  • Whisper test

  • Weber and Rinne tests

  • Culture of tympanic discharge.

Common Medical Treatments: Ears

• Pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes

• Hearing aids

• Cochlear implants.

Otitis Media

• Types:

  • Acute otitis media (AOM)

  • Otitis media with effusion

  • Otitis externa

• Risk Factors:

  • Eustachian tube dysfunction

  • Recurrent upper respiratory infections

  • Daycare attendance

  • Previous episodes

  • Household smoking.

History of Present Illness—Acute Otitis Media

• Onset and progression:

  • Fever

  • Nasal congestion

  • Eye or ear pain

  • Eye rubbing or ear pulling

  • Headache

  • Lethargy

  • Behavioral changes.

Hearing Acuity and Hearing Loss

• Hearing losses can be:

  • Transient or permanent; unilateral or bilateral

  • Language development depends on hearing capacity.

• Types of Hearing Loss:

  • Conductive: disruption in middle ear sound transmission

  • Sensorineural: damage to cochlea hair cells or auditory pathway

  • Mixed: involves both conductive and sensorineural issues.

End of Week 3 Part II