Exam 4 (Final)

Matching Terms:

• Nat Turner Rebellion 1831- On August 21 1831, Nat Turner and a group of followers revolted against Whites. They killed about 60 people. Not only masters, but women and children. The revolt took place in Southampton County, Virginia. Does not succeed to kill white master.

• Ellen and William Craft- Freedom seeker William Craft daringly escaped from slavery in Georgia. Freedom seeker William Craft notably escaped slavery by acting as the enslaved man of his wife Ellen Craft, who disguised herself as a sickly, White gentleman. Growing up enslaved in Georgia, Craft experienced the painful separation of his family.

• Popular Sovereignty- is a government based on the consent of the people. The government’s source of authority is the people, and its power is not legitimate if it disregards the will of the people.

• Manifest Destiny- describing western movement, god calls them to go west, angel with bible and telegraph, taking civilization and its god given right to do so. represented the belief in the 19th-century United States that American settlers were destined to expand westward across North America, and that this belief was both obvious and certain.

• Missouri Compromise 1820- admit Missouri as slave and Maine as non slave, establish 36 degree 30 line, above the line is against slavery, below the line is FOR slavery

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – 1848- ended the war between the United States and Mexico; Mexico accepted Texas independence

• Wilmot Proviso- an unsuccessful 1846 proposal in the United States Congress to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican–American War. The conflict over the Wilmot Proviso was one of the major events leading to the American Civil War.

• Nashville Convention- representatives from nine slaveholding states met in Nashville in the first effort to present a united front against the national movement towards stopping slavery.

• Compromise of 1850- Henry Clay proposed altogether, turned down, Stephen Douglas separated, passed. admission of California as a "free state," provided for a territorial government for Utah and New Mexico through popular sovereignty, established a boundary between Texas and the United States, called for the abolition of the slave trade in Washington, DC, and amended the Fugitive Slave Act; run away can’t be free and enforce.

• Bleeding Kansas- describes the period of repeated outbreaks of violent guerrilla warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces following the creation of the new territory of Kansas in 1854. In all, some 55 people were killed between 1855 and 1859. The struggle intensified the ongoing debate over the future of slavery in the United States and served as a key precursor to the Civil War.

• Kansas- Nebraska Act 1854- "An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas," this act repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had outlawed slavery above the 36º30' latitude in the Louisiana territories, and reopened the national struggle over slavery in the western territories through popular sovereignty. Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois introduced a bill that divided the land immediately west of Missouri into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. He argued in favor of popular sovereignty. Almost immediately, pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers rushed to Kansas, each side hoping to determine the results of the first election held after the law went into effect. The conflict turned violent, earning the ominous nickname "Bleeding Kansas." The act aggravated the split between North and South on the issue of slavery until reconciliation seemed virtually impossible.

• Stephen Douglas- When the Compromise of 1850, an omnibus bill proposed by Henry Clay, seemed on the verge of collapse, Senator Douglas took the bill apart and built separate coalitions around each of its key provisions, ensuring its passage and holding the Union together. Douglas then undid his own handiwork by promoting the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854.

• John Brown- For Southerners, he was the embodiment of all their fears—a white man willing to die to end slavery—and the most potent symbol yet of aggressive Northern antislavery sentiment. Believes it’s old testament and not a crime to violently kill people

• Pottawatomie Creek Massacre – 1856- On the night of May 24, 1856, the radical abolitionist John Brown, five of his sons, and three other associates murdered five proslavery men at three different cabins along the banks of Pottawatomie Creek, near present-day Lane, Kansas.

• Charles Sumner- As Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner sat writing at his desk in the Senate Chamber on May 22, 1856, he was brutally assaulted by Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina. Angered by Sumner's "Crime against Kansas" speech, in which Sumner criticized South Carolina senator Andrew Butler, Brooks struck Sumner repeatedly with a heavy cane.

• Dred Scott v. Sandford- the U.S. Supreme Court stated that enslaved people were not citizens of the United States and, therefore, could not expect any protection from the federal government or the courts. The opinion also stated that Congress had no authority to ban slavery from a Federal territory. an enslaved Black man named Dred Scott and his wife, Harriet, sued for their freedom in St. Louis Circuit Court. They claimed that they were free due to their residence in a free territory where slavery was prohibited. Roger Taney decided this case

• Election of 1860- Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party in the South was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it had a voice in politics and a 11 states seceded from the Union.

• Montgomery Convention- delegates from six states of the deep South convened in Montgomery, Alabama to organize a provisional government for what they conceived to be a new, independent republic—the Confederate States of America.

• Fort Sumter, South Carolina- The Battle of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, resulting in a single casualty, signaled the start of the Civil War, the bloodiest conflict in American history. On April 12, 1861, forces from the Confederate States of America attacked the United States military garrison at Fort Sumter, South Carolina.

• Jefferson Davis- president of the Confederate States of America throughout its existence during the American Civil War

• Ulysses S. Grant- Grant led the Union Armies to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.

• William T. Sherman- one of Lincoln's two main Generals by the end of the war, and although he was very eccentric and many in the Union Army and government did not like or trust him, he was a very effective fighter. He is perhaps best remembered for changing the nature of war, or at least realizing that the nature of war had changed.

• Robert E. Lee- former US Army Commander, commanded the Army of Northern Virginia, the most successful of the Southern armies during the American Civil War, and ultimately commanded all the Confederate armies. As the military leader of the defeated Confederacy, Lee became a symbol of the American South.

• Albert Sidney Johnston- #2; commander of all Confederate troops between Texas and the Appalachian Mountains.

• Clara Barton- one of the most honored women in American history. Barton risked her life to bring supplies and support to soldiers in the field during the Civil War. She founded the American Red Cross in 1881, at age 59, and led it for the next 23 years

• Quaker Gun- couldn't hurt a fly, the camouflaged logs were used by wily Confederate commanders to exaggerate their strength or mask a retreat.

• Anaconda Plan- the Union's strategic plan to defeat the Confederacy at the start of the American Civil War. The goal was to defeat the rebellion by blockading southern ports and controlling the Mississippi river. This would cut off and isolate the south from the outside world.

• Battle of Antietam – 1862- the deadliest one-day battle in American military history, showed that the Union could stand against the Confederate army in the Eastern theater. It also gave President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation at a moment of strength rather than desperation.

• Emancipation Proclamation – 1863- declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free." Does not apply to South bc they’re now separate

• Cotton Diplomacy- Cotton diplomacy refers to the Confederates' attempt to use cotton as a tool in foreign policy. It didn't work because they overestimated the importance of their cotton.

• Battle of Shiloh – 1862- it was the Confederacy's best chance at holding off the Union army and keeping them out of Mississippi. The Confederacy also lost an important General in Albert Sydney Johnston

• Battle of Vicksburg – 1863- It captured the last confederate fortress on the Mississippi River, divided the Confederacy in two, and gave the Union complete control of the river.

• Battle of Gettysburg – 1863- Union victory. Gettysburg ended Confederate general Robert E. Lee's ambitious second quest to invade the North and bring the Civil War to a swift end. The loss there dashed the hopes of the Confederate States of America to become an independent nation.

• Sherman’s March to the Sea- The purpose of Sherman’s March to the Sea was to frighten Georgia’s civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause. Sherman’s soldiers did not destroy any of the towns in their path, but they stole food and livestock and burned the houses and barns of people who tried to fight back.

• Total Warfare- “a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued. Destroy southern culture and lifestyle

• Appomattox Court House – 1865- marks the beginning of the country's transition to peace and reunification following four years of Civil War. This is the site of General Robert E. Lee's surrender to Lt. General Ulysses S. Grant in April, 1865.

• 13th Amendment- abolished slavery

• 14th Amendment- granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans and enslaved people who had been emancipated after the American Civil War

• 15th Amendment- guaranteed African-American men the right to vote.