Environmental Determinism: Environment limits social development.
Possibilism: Humans adapt to and change the environment.
Cultural Landscapes (Carl Sauer): Combination of natural environment and cultural changes.
Demographic Transition Model: Four stages of natural increase as countries develop.
Epidemiologic Transition Model: Four stages explaining diseases at each DTM stage.
Migration Transition Model: Explains migration for each DTM stage.
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration: Migrants move short distances, in steps; rural residents migrate; long-range migrants move to urban areas.
Gravity Model: Larger urban areas attract more migrants.
Thomas Malthus: Predicted population growth would surpass food growth.
Neo-Malthusians: Believe resource scarcity aligns with Malthus's prediction.
Agricultural Hearths (Carl Sauer): Various hearths of agricultural innovation
Conquest Theory: Proto-Indo-European language spread by Kurgans through war.
Agricultural Theory: Proto-Indo-European spread through Anatolian agriculture.
Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory (Core-Periphery Model): Interaction between MDCs (core) and LDCs (periphery).
Heartland Theory (MacKinder): Control of Central Europe leads to world domination.
Rimland Theory (Spykman): Control of coastal regions around Europe leads to world domination.
Domino Theory (Eisenhower): One country falling to communism leads to neighbors falling.
Von Thunen’s Model: Farmers consider land cost and transport when locating relative to market.
Bosrup’s Theory of Agriculture (Esther Bosrup): Population pressure increases intensive farming and output.
Modernization Model (Rostow’s Development Model): Five steps for LDCs to become MDCs, specializing in one industry.
Dependency Theory of Development: Resources flow from LDCs to MDCs, enriching wealthy countries.
Self-Sufficiency Approach: Close trade to protect industries; India's failure.
New International Division of Labor: High-skill jobs in MDCs, low-skill jobs in LDCs.
Least Cost Theory (Alfred Weber): Locate factory near most expensive transport cost.
Locational Interdependence (Hotelling): Company seeks to monopolize local customers (range/threshold).
Profit Maximization (Losch): Combines Weber and Hotelling (cost/revenue) to figure out most profitable location.
Central Place Theory (Walter Cristaller): Settlements have a central market (CBD) providing services to hinterland.
Bid-Rent Curve: Land value decreases away from CBD.
Concentric Circle Model (Burgess): Urban settlement patterns in rings.
Sector Model (Hoyt): Cities grow in wedges, not rings.
Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris/Ullman): Cities have neighborhoods around nodes.
Urban Realms Model (Hartshorne/Muller): Dispersed, multicenter metropolis with independent zones.
Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Transportation:
Sail-Wagon Era (1790-1830): cities near ports.
Iron-Horse Cities (1830-1870): cities near rivers/canals.
Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920): cities grow considerably.
Car and Air travel (1920’s-present): suburbs expand.
Latin American City Model (Griffin-Ford): Sector model with wealthy "spine" and squatter settlements.
Peripheral Model (Harris): Inner city surrounded by suburbs and a ring road.
Galactic City Model: Importance of suburban edge cities along the outer ring road (beltway).
African City Model: Multiple CBDs, primary jobs, lack of wealthy areas.
Islamic City Model: Centered around mosque and bazaar.
Asian City Models: Centered around port, multiple CBDs.
AP Human Geography Flashcards