Unit 4 Notes Flashcards (Ap World History)

Unit 4 Notes 

Technology aiding exploration 

• List of Classical, Asian, and Islamic technological innovations that assisted Europeans

  • Chinese compass

  • Chinese Rear-mounted rudder

  • Islamic astronomical charts

  • Islamic maritime maps

  • Islamic astrolabe

  • Roman/Indian/Islamic/Chinese Lateen sails

European Ships 

• Caravel

  • Caravels, used by the Portuguese, utilized the lateen sail, first developed by the Romans, and improved by Muslims.

    • Early ships(1400s). They were relatively small and fast.

• Carrack

  • A much larger, three-masted ship

    • (Late 1400s, early 1500s)Used by Spanish and Portuguese

• Fluyt

  • Dutch ships offered huge capacity that didn’t require as much crew as a carrack.

    • The main ship used for trade in the 1500s-1600s

Portugal Leads the way!

• Prince Henry of Portugal sponsored the exploration of the west coast of Africa.

• In 1418, he started a navigation school for

  • Mapmakers

  • Instrument makers

  • Shipbuilders

  • Captains

  • Scientists

• Portugal begins to establish trading posts in the late 1400s along the coast of Africa with the ultimate goal of establishing trade in the Indian Ocean.

• In 1487, the Portuguese round the Cape of Good Hope under Bartholomew Dias

Colombus and Spain 

• In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain to the west.

  • He was looking for a new route to Asia.

  • The usual route was to the east around Africa. 

  • It took a LONG time and was very expensive. 

• After three months, Columbus reached what he thought was East Indies or Eastern Asia.

  • It was not Asia, but the Caribbean. 

• The people he met there he called Los Indians.

  • Because he thought they were from India

  • This is why the native people of the Americas are called Indians

• Columbus returned to Spain in 1493 and told everyone of his discovery.

  •  He sailed back three more times and created the first colonies in the Americas.

Spain and the Aztec 

• Hernan Cortés explored Mexico in 1519

  • He wanted to claim land for Spain

  • Spaniards who wanted to take land are called conquistadors

• The people who were already living in Mexico were called the Aztecs

  • Their leader was named Montezuma II.

• The Aztecs thought the Spaniards were gods.

  • Maybe

• The Spanish made the Aztecs mine for gold and silver.

  • The Aztecs rebelled against the Spaniards and defeated them.

• The Spanish returned the next year and Cortés and his men defeated the Aztecs.

  • Because of:

    • Superior weapons

    • Help from enemy tribes

    • Smallpox and measles

Spain and the Inca 

• Francisco Pizarro was a conquistador in South America in 1532.

  • The Inca lived there.

• Pizarro killed the Inca and captured the king, Atahualpa

  • The Incas gave Pizarro a large ransom of gold, but after the Spanish received the gold they strangled Atahualpa.

• The Spanish also conquered the Maya in Mexico

  • Spain had conquered almost all the Americas that had been explored.

Other Notable Explorers 

• John Cabot

  • Explorer for England who discovered the coast of North America (1497)

• Vasco da Gama

  • Portuguese explorer who is the first European to reach India by sea (1498)

• Amerigo Vespucci

  • Explorer for Spain who charts South America

  • America is named after him(1499)

• Ferdinand Magellan

  • Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain who started the first journey around the world

  • He made it past South America and the Pacific Ocean, but he died in a war in the Philippines.

  • His crew eventually returned to Spain, 3 years after they left. (1519)

Caribbean Claims 

• Following Spain’s discovery, various states staked claims to the islands of the Caribbean.n

• Portugal gained control of Brazil.

  • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Farther North America

• Based on Spanish success, French and English explorers began to explore North America in the late 1500s.

  • The French are interested in money from furs

  • The English are interested in land and money from crops

• Jamestown, founded in 1607, was the first permanent English settlement.

  • They grew tobacco

• The Dutch established settlements between English Virginia and French Canada

  • Taken over by the English in the mid-1600s

• All groups hoped to find a Northwest Passage

  • Jacques Cartier- France (1535)

  • Henry Hudson- England (1610)

    • Doesn’t exist

Colombian Exchange 

• The New World had many things that Europe did not have

  • Potatoes

  • Tomatoes

  • Chocolate

  • Tobacco

• Europe had many things that the New World did not have.

  • Horses

  • Cows

  • Coffee

  • Apples

• This trade of things between the Old and New World is called the Columbian Exchange.

• Potatoes and maize (corn) became staple crops in Europe, Africa, and even Asia.

  • This led to an increase in available food

    • Population boom in the 1500s-1700s

• European disease brought great suffering and death to the New World.

  • Especially smallpox, measles, and influenza.

  • Great Dying

    • About 25 million dead

      • 95% of Native population

• Additionally, with the later introduction of African slaves, African foods became introduced to the Americas such as okra and rice.

Expansion and Influence 

• Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the 

  • Portuguese

  • Spanish

  • Dutch

  • French

  • British

• As European powers grew, Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominate long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies.

  • Ming/Qing China

  • Tokugawa Japan

African States 

• The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa.

• Ashanti/Asante in West Africa

  • Trade in gold, ivory, slaves, and other goods with the Portuguese

• Kingdom of the Kongo

  • Trade in slaves and pottery with the Portuguese

• These kingdoms became increasingly influential in their regions with European firearms.

Changes and Continuities in Indian Ocean trade 

• Though European trade was now possible with Asia by sea, much of the trade was from one Asian country to another in the region.

  • Not as much between Asia and Europe.

    • Not practical.

• The Portuguese usurped this trade dominance of the Indian Ocean from the Omanis, Swahili Arabs, Gujaratis, Javanese, and Chinese.

  • Primarily due to their ship-mounted cannons

  • However, all these groups will continue to trade in the Indian Ocean

• Additionally, the silver that came from New Spain, allowed Spain to purchase goods from Asia.

  • Therefore, Atlantic trade strengthened Eastern trade.

Changes and Continuities in Labor 

• Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture and utilized existing labor systems, including the

  • Inca Mita,

• Introduced new labor systems including 

  • chattel slavery

  • indentured servitude,

  • encomienda and hacienda systems.

• The traditional slave trade in Africa continued in its traditional forms with the incorporation of slaves into households and continued to involve the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions.

• However, the growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes.

Commercial Revolution and changing class roles 

• Beginning in the late 1200s, Europe began to undergo the Commercial Revolution.

  • Time of increasing trade.

• Merchants, people who trade with other parts of the world, are becoming rich.

• This shift in trade and the expansion of private enterprise comes as a result of the Feudal crisis at the end of the Middle Ages.

  • Because the feudal system was no longer sustainable, new avenues of economic support became necessary.

• Trade, private ownership, less importance on land and rather on goods and capital (money).

  • Feudal structures continued to a degree in Eastern Europe until the 1700s and continued to the 20th century in Russia.

• As Feudalism ends the following occurs:

  • Less power of nobles

  • Increasing power of peasants

  • People can buy land now

• During this period the middle class of merchants starts.

Mercantilism 

• The economic philosophy of European countries beginning in the 1400s is called Mercantilism.

  • Get gold, lots of it!

  • Don’t buy from other countries!

  • Make other countries buy from you!

  • Get colonies in other parts of the world!

Joint stock companies

• Joint-stock companies were issued by governments. 

  • Allowed rulers to maintain a degree of control of the economy.

    • Mercantilism

• Also allowed private individuals to invest in trade enterprises and potentially become very rich.

  • British East India Company

  • Dutch East India Company

• Intense wealth being moved led to piracy

  • Caribbean and Indian Ocean

• Mercantilism led to increased competition between countries.

  • Increased trade-focused conflicts

    • Anglo-Dutch Wars

    • Muslim–European rivalry in the Indian Ocean

    • Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire

  • Priveteers

    • Sir Francis Drake

Absolutism 

• During this Early Modern Era of increased trade and wealth, many European political leaders took larger tax revenue and power.r

  • These kings were known as Absolute Monarchs.

    • Louis XIV of France

    • Peter the Great of Russia

    • Charles I of England

• They justified their extension of power based on the ideas of divine right

  • As well as based on Machiavelli’s political pragmatism

    • Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince (1532)

      • A political handbook that instructed rulers on how to rule effectively.

      • It valued power and control over Christian virtue

        • Better to be feared than loved.

Changes and Continuities in Networks of Exchange 

• CHANGES

  • The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including slaves.

  • The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. 

    • Increased wealth from trade also allows for the development of European artistic tradition.s

      • Renaissance

• CONTINUITIES

  • Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants.

  • Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand.

    • Western Europe—wool and linen

    • India—cotton

    • China—silk

Vodun 

• African slaves were necessitated because of the massive die-off of Native Americans due to disease.

  • Primarily this will be in the Caribbean where labor-intensive sugarcane is grown.

• African slaves brought their own traditional beliefs that mixed with European Christian beliefs and gave rise to Vodun.

  • Many different types of Vodun arose throughout the Caribbean and Louisiana, though they share some similarities.

• In Vodun, the world is seen as governed by a group of spirits.

  • Such as Baron Samedi

• Importance is placed on the spiritual and divine power of living and dead things.

  • These spirits are often intermingled with Christian saints and ceremonial rites often are inspired by Catholic masses.

• Santeria

• Santa Muerte

Resitance to State Power 

• As land-based and maritime empires grew in the Early Modern Era, they faced challenges to the growing power of monarchs and state expansion.

  • Challenges to State Expansion from Indigenous People

    • In 1641, Queen Ana Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba, tributaries of the Kingdom of Kongo, led a successful resistance against the Portuguese.

      • Increased women’s rights and resettled slaves

    • In 1675, English colonists in New England were attacked by Wampanoag Amerindians to stop their advancement onto native lands

      • 4,000 people died in the 3 years of fighting/ Metacom’s War

        • Amerindians were defeated and settlers expanded

    • In 1680, Pueblo Amerindians led a series of revolts against the Spanish in present-day New Mexic.o

      • Pueblo Revolts

        • This led to 400 Spanish deaths and the expulsion of Spanish from New Mexico until the 18th century.ry

• More challenges to state expansion from Indigenous people

  • In the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the Cossacks, people indigenous to the area of modern Eastern Ukraine and Western Russia, led a series of revolts against the Polish and Russian Empires.

    • The uprisings though hard fought, ended in failure and high casualties.

      • Eventually, the Cossack's military tradition will lead them to become a prized military group within the Russian military. 

• Religious challenges to political centralization

  • In the 17th century Mughal Empire, Aurangzeb abolished religious freedom and faced revolts from both Sikhs and Hindus (Maratha Empire)

    • Ultimately, this led to the decline of the Mughal Empire and the fracturing of India.

• Noble challenges to political centralization

  • From 1648-1653, the French nobility led a revolt against the newly crowned Louis XIV.

    • Fronde

      • Louis XIV admired the organization of the aristocracy’s military and developed a similar organization for the royal military.y

        • Louis’s forces crushed the nobility and led to the absolute rule of Louis XIV and future French rulers.

• Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas.

  • Fugitive slaves, known to the French as marrons,establishedf maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil throughout the 16th-19th centuries.

    • These societies created unique cultures and were subject to frequent raids by white slavers.

  • Also throughout the 16th-19th centuries, there were numerous slave revolts in North America.

    • These revolts typically were not successful and led to increased cruelty towards slaves and executions.

      • Some fugitive slaves formed maroon societies in uninhabited and hostile environments in North America.

Differing Treatment of Social Classes 

• Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. 

  • Millet system in the Ottoman Empire for Christians and Jews

  • Repeal of the jizya tax in the Mughal Empire

• In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy.

  • Expulsion of non-Christians from Catholic Spain during the Reconquista and Inquisition

  • Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China

  • High-ranking women in the Ottoman Empire were allowed influential roles in politics and law.

    • However, low-ranking women were not allowed many rights, and the sexual slavery of women continued.

Changes and continuities with nobility 

• Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of a new political and economic elite.s

  • China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty

  • The Americas with the rise of the Casta system.

• The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.

  • Ottoman timars

    • Grants of temporary land ownership in return for military service

      • Allowed for a more empowered Sultan

  • Russian boyars

    • Absolutism

  • European nobility

    • Absolutism

Spanish administration of New World 

• In New Spain, the Spanish intermarried with the native people.

  • The mix of the two is called mestizo

    • Casta system gave a ranked hierarchy to people based on their race

• The Spanish were very cruel to the native people

  • They forced them to work like slaves

• This system of labor is known as 

  • Encomienda

    • Later Hacienda