Genes and inheritance
DNA: Genetic material containing genes
Genes: Units of heredity, determine traits
Alleles: Different forms of a gene
Chromosomes: Structures carrying genes
Genetic variation: Differences in DNA sequences
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance:
Law of Segregation: Alleles separate during gamete formation
Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits segregate independently
Types of Inheritance Patterns:
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal Recessive
X-linked
Genetic Terminology:
Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype: Observable traits
Punnett Squares:
Tool to predict offspring genotypes
Genetic Disorders:
Cystic Fibrosis
Huntington's Disease
Genetic mutation in hemoglobin gene
Causes red blood cells to be sickle-shaped
Leads to blockages in blood vessels
Symptoms include pain, anemia, organ damage
Treatments focus on managing symptoms and complications
Central Idea: Genetics and Inheritance
Types of Inheritance
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal Recessive
X-linked Dominant
X-linked Recessive
Y-linked
Genetic Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis
Huntington's Disease
Sickle Cell Anemia
Down Syndrome
Mendelian Genetics
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
Genetic Variation
Mutation
Recombination
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Genetic Testing
Carrier Testing
Prenatal Testing
Predictive Testing
Newborn Screening
Applications of Genetics
Agriculture
Medicine
Forensics
Biotechnology
Ethical Considerations
Genetic Counseling
Privacy Concerns
Gene Editing
Genetic Discrimination
Codons: 3-nucleotide sequences on mRNA
tRNA: carries specific amino acids
Anticodon: complementary to mRNA codon
Ribosome: site of translation
Start codon: AUG (codes for methionine)
Hydrophobicity: Phenylalanine (F) is most hydrophobic
Charge: Lysine (K) is positively charged
Polarity: Cysteine (C) is polar
Size: Tryptophan (W) is largest
Acidity/Basicity: Histidine (H) is basic
Meiosis:
Purpose: Produce gametes
Number of divisions: Two
Genetic variation: Increases
Chromosome number: Halved
Result: Four genetically different cells
Mitosis:
Purpose: Growth, repair, asexual reproduction
Number of divisions: One
Genetic variation: Maintained
Chromosome number: Conserved
Result: Two genetically identical cells
Meiosis I:
Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up
Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align at the metaphase plate
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate
Meiosis II:
Prophase II: Chromosomes condense again
Metaphase II: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate
Genetics: The study of genes and heredity
Gene: A unit of heredity that is passed from parent to offspring
Chromosome: Thread-like structures in the cell nucleus that carry genes
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic instructions
Allele: Different forms of a gene
Genotype: An individual's genetic makeup
Phenotype: An individual's observable traits
Dominant: A trait that is expressed when present
Recessive: A trait that is masked when a dominant allele is present
Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a gene
Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a gene
Punnett square: A diagram used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross
Inheritance: The passing of traits from parents to offspring
Mendelian genetics: The principles of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel
Genetic variation: Differences in genetic makeup among individuals
Genetic disorder: A condition caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA
Genetic counseling: Providing information and support to individuals with genetic conditions
Heritability: The proportion of variation in a trait that is due to genetic factors
DNA: Genetic material containing genes
Genes: Units of heredity, determine traits
Alleles: Different forms of a gene
Chromosomes: Structures carrying genes
Genetic variation: Differences in DNA sequences
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance:
Law of Segregation: Alleles separate during gamete formation
Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits segregate independently
Types of Inheritance Patterns:
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal Recessive
X-linked
Genetic Terminology:
Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype: Observable traits
Punnett Squares:
Tool to predict offspring genotypes
Genetic Disorders:
Cystic Fibrosis
Huntington's Disease
Genetic mutation in hemoglobin gene
Causes red blood cells to be sickle-shaped
Leads to blockages in blood vessels
Symptoms include pain, anemia, organ damage
Treatments focus on managing symptoms and complications
Central Idea: Genetics and Inheritance
Types of Inheritance
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal Recessive
X-linked Dominant
X-linked Recessive
Y-linked
Genetic Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis
Huntington's Disease
Sickle Cell Anemia
Down Syndrome
Mendelian Genetics
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
Genetic Variation
Mutation
Recombination
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Genetic Testing
Carrier Testing
Prenatal Testing
Predictive Testing
Newborn Screening
Applications of Genetics
Agriculture
Medicine
Forensics
Biotechnology
Ethical Considerations
Genetic Counseling
Privacy Concerns
Gene Editing
Genetic Discrimination
Codons: 3-nucleotide sequences on mRNA
tRNA: carries specific amino acids
Anticodon: complementary to mRNA codon
Ribosome: site of translation
Start codon: AUG (codes for methionine)
Hydrophobicity: Phenylalanine (F) is most hydrophobic
Charge: Lysine (K) is positively charged
Polarity: Cysteine (C) is polar
Size: Tryptophan (W) is largest
Acidity/Basicity: Histidine (H) is basic
Meiosis:
Purpose: Produce gametes
Number of divisions: Two
Genetic variation: Increases
Chromosome number: Halved
Result: Four genetically different cells
Mitosis:
Purpose: Growth, repair, asexual reproduction
Number of divisions: One
Genetic variation: Maintained
Chromosome number: Conserved
Result: Two genetically identical cells
Meiosis I:
Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up
Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align at the metaphase plate
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate
Meiosis II:
Prophase II: Chromosomes condense again
Metaphase II: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate
Genetics: The study of genes and heredity
Gene: A unit of heredity that is passed from parent to offspring
Chromosome: Thread-like structures in the cell nucleus that carry genes
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic instructions
Allele: Different forms of a gene
Genotype: An individual's genetic makeup
Phenotype: An individual's observable traits
Dominant: A trait that is expressed when present
Recessive: A trait that is masked when a dominant allele is present
Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a gene
Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a gene
Punnett square: A diagram used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross
Inheritance: The passing of traits from parents to offspring
Mendelian genetics: The principles of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel
Genetic variation: Differences in genetic makeup among individuals
Genetic disorder: A condition caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA
Genetic counseling: Providing information and support to individuals with genetic conditions
Heritability: The proportion of variation in a trait that is due to genetic factors