A.

Introduction to Memory

Overview of Memory

  • Memory is a crucial cognitive process involving three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Key Terminology

  • Encoding:

  • Process of creating a memory and inputting it into the mind.

  • Storage:

  • Refers to retaining memory over time.

  • Retrieval:

  • Accessing or recalling the stored memory.

Analogy to Computers

  • While these memory processes can be analogized to a computer's memory storage:

  • It's an oversimplification, as human memory is more complex than computer systems.

  • Unlike computers, human memories can be altered, prone to errors, and biases at each memory stage.

  • Once memories are retrieved, they can be re-encoded, potentially with changes or inaccuracies.

The 3-Box Model of Memory

  • Also known as the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model, proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin.

  • Divides memory storage into three primary stores:

Sensory Store

  • Duration: Lasts for about 1 second.

  • Function: Holds vast amounts of sensory information momentarily; only a small fraction can be attended to.

Short-Term Memory

  • Duration: Lasts a few seconds to a few minutes (about 30 seconds).

  • Function: Retains a limited amount of information transferred from the sensory store; some information may be encoded for longer retention.

Long-Term Memory

  • Duration: Can last from a few minutes to a lifetime.

  • Function: Stores information over extended periods, including childhood memories that may remain accessible.

  • Note: Long-term memories are also susceptible to bias and changes over time.

Memory Process Flow

  • Information progresses through the three boxes (stores):

  • From Sensory Store to Short-Term Memory: Through the encoding process, only selected information proceeds to short-term storage.

  • From Short-Term to Long-Term Memory: Another encoding process moves some short-term information into long-term storage.

Loss of Information

  • Information can be lost at every stage of the memory process:

  • Not all sensory information makes it into short-term memory.

  • Some short-term memories can be forgotten as well.

  • Long-term memories may also fade or become inaccessible over time (e.g., on test day).

Conclusion

  • The 3-box model provides a useful framework for understanding memory but is a simplification that does not capture all aspects of how memory functions.

  • Future videos will delve deeper into each type of memory store.