Ch. 1-4

Ch. 1

Introduction

• There are several scattered Native American tribes, that would settle the Americas far before the Europeans.
• Their ancestries date back thousands of years before the Europeans.

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1. The Migration Routes of the First Americans + Migrating East and South

• The Natives had their routes in Siberia, from Asia.
• Scientists theorized that the Natives started their journey in Siberia, where there was a landbridge to Alaska that slowly vanished.
• Hunters would follow the animals south and after the land bridge from Siberia to Alaska evaporated, the Siberian hunters had to adapt to their surroundings.

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2. The First Americans Adapt to the Environment + American Indian Cultural Regions

• The American Indians had a strong connection to their surroundings, they would be able to live with what they can and learned how to modify the land to suit their needs.
• In the north, they learned how to make homes out of animal skin and how to raise squashes and chili peppers.
• Over the generations, the groups of American Indians developed their own cultures.
• You could split many Native American cultures into 10 major cultural regions by the 1400s.

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3. Cultural Region 1: American Indians of the Arctic

• Much of the arctic is made out of tundra, with very little vegetation.
• It was very hard to find food in the arctic tundra, but during the summer that was much easier as the malibu would be more abundant.

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4. Cultural Region 2: American Indians of the Northwest Coast

• In the northwest coast, there was an abundance of seafood.
• The forests of the Northwood served as wood for home production.
• Men would create tools such as:
  • clothing with wooden hedges and bone drills.
  • stone chisels and knives
• Women would:
  • sew
  • make blankets

(i swear im not sexist blame the book)

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5. Cultural Region 3: American Indians of California

• The California region would have intense weather, with the summers being hot and dry.
• Groups in California would have many sources of food, such as:
  • salmon.
  • The process to get salmon was to fish.
  • ducks.
  • The process to catch ducks would involve bows and arrows.
• The people of California would create homes based on the climate they were in.

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6. Cultural Region 4: American Indians of the Great Basin

• There was very limited food in the American Great Basin.
• The climate was extreme hot and extreme cold.

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7: American Indians of the Plateau:

• There was an easy climate. with an easier route to get wood.
• Food was easier to get, as it was nearer.
• Abundance of wood fueled better and faster construction.

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8: American Indians of the Southwest

• Due to the harsh climate, there was a major difficulty getting food in the Southwest.
• In the Southwest, the native tribes were nomadic.
  • Sidenote: nomadic means agricultural and behind on technology.
• Corn was by far the most important crop in the Southwest, as it was easy to grow.

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9: American Indians of the Great Plains

• The Great Plains were vast flat terrain.
• Because of the flat terrain of the great plains, hunting season would become important as it was difficult to grow crops.
• The bison would be important as it would be a source of food.

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10: American Indians of the Eastern Woodlands

• In the Woodlands there was an abundance of trees.
• The woods would provide all needed to live, food and construction.
• The woodlands would be cleared for farming.

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11: American Indians of the Southeast

• The Southeast was incredibly fertile, and would be very suitable for crops.
• Southeast America had towns mounted by large eastern mounds.

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Ch. 2

sect 1

• Marco Polo’s book became widely distributed throughout Europe because of the invention of the printing press.
• Columbus would be inspired by Marco Polo’s trip.
• Columbus was looking for funding, and would be funded by the monarchs of Spain.
• Columbus would wash up in the island of Taino, Columbus would mistake the island of Taino as the Indies, and claim it in the name of Spain.
• There was an exchange of crops and animals from the Americas to Europe that:
  • sent corn, squash and pumpkins to Europe
  • and sent horses to the Americas.
• Slavery would wash up in the Americas.
• Smallpox would be very deadly in the Americas, as there was no natural immunity to it in the Native American’s immune system.
• There was two major conquests of Spain:
  • 1: The Aztec conquest
  • 2: The Peruvian conquest.

2. The Spanish Borderlands

• The trip to Florida was managed by a guy named Juan Ponce De Leon.
  • The motivations of which the trip was for, was to find the mythical fountain of youth.
  • However, he instead found “flowery” Florida, and would attempt to colonize it, in doing so he would be shot by a poisoned arrow and die.
• There was an tale of the “Seven Cities of Cibola”
  • The Seven Cities of Cibola would be rumored to hold great riches,
  • These prospects would attract several journeys to find these sacred cities, all coming fruitless.
• In the prospect of finding the Seven Cities of Cibola, a man named Fransisco Vaquez de Coronado would be one of the multiple travelers to search for these sacred lands.
  • Starting a trip from Mexico City, our traveler travelled over 7,000 miles to find 7 villages of Cibola instead of a city.
• Catholic missionaries would be tasked with spreading Christianity at all costs.
• For the Indians, they were able to get new vegetables, and learn new techniques to grow plants.
• Smallpox and other diseases that natives would not have protection against. This would limit the populations to dozens of people from thousands.

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3. New France

• France would send Jauques Carter in 1534 to claim land in Canada.
• France would settle the colony in 1608 and would call it Quebec.
• New France became the hub for fur trappers and explorers.
• Unlike Spain, France did not enslave the Natives, instead making them allies and buisness partners.
• The search for fur led to Lousiana, and 9 years after abandoning the settlement, Louis Joilet would claim everything south of the River for France, giving an insanely vast amount of land to France.

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4. Jamestown: The First English Colony

• Jamestown was the first English colony, settled in 1497.
• There were other colonies, such as the mystery of Roanoke, which entirely evacuated.
• Jamestown was filled to the brim with craftsmen and barters. While this is good for these specific skills, they aren’t the best at finding food.
• Thankfully, the Jamestown colony was saved by Pocahantas, which would save the colony from starvation.

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5. New Netherland: The Short-Lived Dutch Settlement

• In 1626, the Dutch West India Company sent an English sailor to what would be New Amsterdam in 1626.
• The Dutch would give the American Indians ample resources to establish diplomatic relationships.
• As the fur trade expanded and settlement swelled, the Netherlands would establish it further as an colony.
• New England became New York following British threats of invasion.

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Ch. 3

1. The New England, Middle and Southern Colonies

• Colonies would be created by business people, hoping to profit from the resources.

• The English government would support these efforts due to the fact that in-part they were competing for dominance over the region.

• By 1733, there would be 13 distinct British colonies, though they can be grouped into 3, New England, Middle and Southern colonies.

  • The New England colonies.

  • The New England colonies include:

    • Rhode Island
    • Conneticut
    • New Hampshire

  • The first settlers of these colonies came to America seeking freedom from religious persecution that they faced in England.

  • In New England, farming was rather difficult, so the forests and sea would become majorly important.

  • The economy of The New England colonies heavily relied on small farms, lumbering, fishing, shipbuilding and trade.

  • The Middle Colonies

  • The Middle Colonies include:

    • New York
    • Pensylvania
    • New Jersey
    • Deleware.

  • The settlers casme from diverse backgrounds.

  • The landscape was varied, from rich soil to wooded forests.

  • Livestock shipbuilding and other occupations would make this an opportune rich colony.

  • The Southern Colonies

  • The Southern Colonies include:

    • Maryland
    • Virginia
    • North Carolina
    • South Carolina
    • Georgia

  • The region was very rich with water, with vast wetlands.

  • The soil and hot and wet climate would make this primetime cash crop areas.

  • Plantations would begin to sprout out in the Southern Colonies, and slaves from Africa would be sent to these plantations (that can’t possibly go wrong right!)

  • Government

  • The colonies would be settled with the permission of the king of England, the king issued a charter for each colony outlining the geographic boundaries.

  • Most of the colonies would develop different forms of government depending on the settlement’s purpose.

  • Many colonies had a governor appointed by the king, said governor held a lot of power, which had the ability to override the elected assembly.

  • Religious colonists in Mass. for example would elect an theocracy.

  • The colonies were ahead of their time, as they were more Democratic than England itself.

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The New England Colonies2. New England I: Massachusetts

• Religion in England was very centralized, as the king would preside over the Church of England.
• The Church of England was unpopular with certain groups, there were groups such as the Puritans who wished to purify the Church by streamlining services and hiearchy.
• There however, was an radical group, the Seperatists within the Puritans, wishing to abolish the Church and send Henry away to prison.
• Many Seperatists would go to Holland, but Holland wasn’t home, and many wished to have an place with:
  • Religious freedom
  • AWAY from King Henry
• In 1620, 102 Seperatists set sail on the Mayflower across the Atlantic, landing in Plymoth, near Cape Cod.
• When they arrive, they were at a lack of resources, but a Native American tribe named the Wampanoag helped them plant crops.
• A year after their voyage, they invited the Wampanoag to an feast, which would become the American holiday of Thanksgiving.

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• The Puritans gained the freedom to practice their religion without being persecuted.

3. New England II: Rhode Island

• The Puritans would turn into a theocracy, censoring all people saying an Religious opinion against them.

• Notably, there was a man named Roger Williams, who would preach different ideas and would be ordered back to England.

• Instead of that, he left his family and escaped to the South, naming it Providence and welcoming Religious freedom.

• Two years after the establishment of Providence, Anne Hutchinson would suffer the same fate and would create a colony of her own.

• Williams and Hutchinson would combine their colonies and create Portsmouth and overtime, these colonies snowballed and became the colony of Rhode Island.

• While Rhode Island believed in freedom to follow beliefs, slaves were permitted and Rhode Island would become the center of the slave trade.

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4. New England III: Connecticut

• Connecticut was an Puritan colony founded by Thomas Hooker, who was a clergyman.

• Hooke didn’t agree about the laws of other colonies, so he and his followers embarked a journey to a more fertile valley.

• Taking two weeks to travel with all their belongings, they established their site on an old Dutch fort.

• Hooker believed that the people should be able to choose the government, and in 1639, he merged with another colony to form Connecticut.

• Nearby, other Puritans would form another colony named New Haven, which was extremely strict.

• None of the two colonies had any charters, and so, when it was given the charter, the area of New Haven would be included.

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The Middle Colonies5. Middle I: New York

• The English took control of New Netherland in 1664.
• The colony was named after the Duke of York, who would give land to George Carteret and John Berkeley, the two would establish New Jersey.
• The duke of York wanted it to be a profitable colony, he would appoint people for government, issued laws and made the people pay tax.
• While the rich landlords liked it, the commonfolk did not, so for 2 years they protested and got an assembly.
• After passing 15 laws and giving them selves (gasp) basic rights, the Duke of York would oversee the dissolution of the council.
• Under Leisler they would rebel against the tyranny, and would gain the power to elect their own leaders.

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6. Middle II: Pennsylvania

• A man named William Penn asked the king for permission to charter an expedition to settle a colony, the king begrudgingly agreed due to two reasons:
  • Reason 1: the king had a big debt with William Penn’s father.
  • Reason 2: William Penn was quite annoying to the king.
• William Penn was a central figure of the quakers, which English king Charles didn’t like, and punished him accordingly, but he wouldn’t shut up.
• Penn sought to establish a colony away from English tyranny, so he founded Pennsylvania.
• He established a law called the Great Law of 1682., promising free vote and freedom of religion.
• Pennsylvania became the first democracy in the North American continent.

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The Southern Colonies7. Southern I: Maryland

• Maryland was founded by a man named Sir George Calvert as an investment of sorts, but after an religious awakening, he would create it into a colony based on faith.

• Due to his newfound religion, other religions other than his own (roman-catholicism)

• They reached Maryland in 1639, and his followers would build St. Mary’s City ontop of a hill.

• Eventually, after a while the religious Catholics would outnumber the protestants.

• Legislature would pass to make sure religious neutrality would be enforced.

• The founding family would be dethroned several times.

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8. Southern II: Virginia

• Jamestown was the first successful English settlement following a era of slow growth.
• The economy of Virginia was based on tobacco.
• Tobacco planters would pull labor from Native American tribes, who would die due to the fact they were not used to this.
• Workers would become indentured servants for citizenship. Following this 5-7 year period, they can become a citizen of Virginia with their own plot of land.
• African Americans had the same rights as White Americans if indentured, but as planters turned to slavery, this sadly changed.
• Virginia elected an council.
• Slavery unfortunately, became a way of life in Virgin.

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9. Southern III: Georgia

• Georgia, the last colony was founded with noble intentions of helping British people ind ebt build a better life.

• King George II liked this plan because it would make sure the Spainards cannot expand up from Florida, making Georgia an great colony.

• However, there was not many debtors, but there were people looking for religious freedom.

• Georgian life was very hard, due to frequent Spanish raids and Oglethorpe’s strict societal vision.

• AS forth, in 1752, Oglethorpe was ousted back to England, and Georgia elected officials for the first time.

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Ch. 4

1. Life on a Farm

• Land was the center of most economic activity within the premises.
• People would live on small family farms wand would be self-sufficient by raising and making nearly everything.
• Everyone wakes up early to share the labor, including cutting wood, feeding animals, tending crops, gathering eggs and the works.

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2. Life in Cities

• In 1750, 5% of people lived in the city.
• The heart of the city was the waterfront, where they would gain needed materials.
• The streets would be lined up with businesses, such as shoemakers, silversmiths tailors and other craftspeople.
• Cities were crowded, noisy and smelly, to the point where the commonman is accustomed to such.
• City homes were often very close together.
• Fire was consistent danger due to candles and torches being the primary source of light and the proximity of each home to each other.

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3. Rights of Colonists

• Colonists in America were English citizens, and were expected to have the same rights as in England.
• In 1215, King John established the Magna Carta, limiting the power of ruler or monarch.
• Parliament was founded in 1265, made up of people across England, weakening the power of the monarch.
• Parliament in 1869 approved the English Bill of Rights stating the power to make laws and impose taxes belonged to Parliament and her representatives.
• Each colonial assembly would pass its own laws, most crimes were treated however, very similarly.
• Some acts such as murder treason and piracy could be charged with death, however lesser laws could be punished with public humiliation.
• The Puritans would be the most strict, making religious canon into general rule of thumb.

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4. Life for African Americans

• Slavery began in Virginia with tobacco planters.
• In the South, slavery expanded rapidly.
• Each year, ships from Europe would have guns, cloths and other goods sailed from Africa.
• Africans would be transported across the Middle Passage, the journey was miserable.
• Enslavers would subject Africans to hard work, and enslaved people had little hope because they were considered property by colonial laws.

5. Religion

• Religion is an important part about colonial life.
• The Great Awakening was the process of where people would become more spiritual because they felt as though they are falling out their religion
• The idea that all men were equal in the hands of God would spread.

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6. Education

• Except in New England, most children in the colonies received little or no formal education. Few places in the Middle and Southern Colonies had public schools.
• In the Southern Colonies, most families were spread out along rivers. Neighbors might pool their resources to hire a teacher for their children.
• In the Middle Colonies, religious differences among Quakers, Catholics, Jews, Baptists, and other religious groups slowed the growth of public education.
• Only in New England were towns required to provide public schools. The Puritans' support for education was inspired by their religious faith.
• Female education was very rare and inbetween.

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7. Family

• Young men and women would marry in their 20s, with the female partners being incredibly young.’
• Colonial families would have multiple children.
• Family members took care of one another because there was no one else to do so.

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8. Leisure

• New colonists would hold a chopping bee were their neighbors would help them cut off the trees off of their land.
• Colonial children would have some basic toys like dolls and marbles.
• Sports were big amongst adults, such as lawn bowling.

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