AP world

 

Class Notes AP

Date: october/10/2024

Indian ocean trade impacts:

  • Safer than silk road, but there were pirates 

  • Monsoon patterns created time periods of when they should trade

  • More bulk, cuz larger ships

  • Connected region that was no in the loop of the silk roads.  

  • The indian ocean trade network expanded grate due to the geographical location of them trading ports. 

    • Area that we consider to be located in the center of the Indian Ocean trade and benefits enormously from its Geographic position 

    • expanded trade in the Indian Ocean right there's going to be some technological developments 

    • spread of religion along these trade routes 

      ●  repeating patterns from the Silk Road are happening with the sea roads

  • Specific technologies helped spread religion like Buddhism and islam in the Indian Ocean

    •  trade Network Indian Ocean trade Network also expands with kind of the Islamic World expanding 

    • Islam (Muslim persian + Arabs) were dominant seafarers

    • They are very important to the transport of goods to port cities. 


  • Cities on the west coast of india (Calicut) became thriving centers of trade (Historical development) 

  •  cities became Major Driving centers of the spread cultural cuz of trade again with the Indian port cities.


  • Luxury goods

  • Demand of specialized products

  • India's cotton production rlly good, carpets high carbon steel, pepper

  • Modern day malaysia and indonesia became known as the spice islands. 

  • Slaves traded along indian trade routes 

  • Silk and porcelain became a huge export in china 

  • Trade in enslaved people play a large role in exchanged in the indian ocean. 

  • Enslaved people had a different fate then the atlantic trade, very different

  • Enslaved in indian ocean, forced labor, household servants, sailors or soldiers

    • Towns and cities, offered more opportunity s to work with free laborors  

  • Monsoon winds, merchants had to time voyages carefully (spent months in the city they ended up in, sometimes settled into those ports)

Advances in Marine technology

  • Triangular lateen sails, cathed wind from many dif directions 

  • Stern rudder, more stability and easily moveable

  • Small wooden dhows ‘astrolabe track voyages and journeys

Growth of states:

  • Network foster the growth os states, economically stable from trade, prosperity was based on the trade rather than agriculture or mining or manufacturing 

  • Malacca became wealth from imposing fees on ships that ships passed through the strait of malacca, 

Effects of expanded exchange in the indian 

  • Diaspora, settlements of people who moved away from homeland 

  • Many arab and east african merchants stayed in western indian port cities permanently because they married women they met there

Response to increased Demand

  • Increase demand for products caused trade to expand

  • Resulted in several effects with long lasting impacts

    • To meet rising demands, producers need to find ways to become more efficient

    • To grow more crops to make more textiles to manufacture more iron

    • The stole of the state increased even more to oversee these effeotr at efficiency and raise money through customs 

Western india raipur  kingdom


  • Swahili city states

  • Indian ocean trade created large thriving city states

  • Exoitc exports tortoises peacock feathers rhinoceros horns, ivory, gold, and slaves  

  • They had imported Chinese porcelain ,Indian cotton, and manufactured the iron work 

  • Trade brought considerable wealth to the east city states on the coast


Date: october/16/2024

Hisotry again

Environmental consequences of connectivity

  • Spread of illness (bubonic plague 1300) and diffusion of crops

Diseases:

  • Diseases traveled as well

  • People exposed to unfamiliar diseases for which they had little immunity

  • Increase appeal of christianity in Europe and buddhism in china, (find the reason of suffering they cant explain)


Bubonic plague:

  • Mongols transmitted the plague

  • Some historian believed caravanserai helped contribute to the spread of the disease. (Meeting place with many people)

Video:

  • Spread through insects 

Reasons of Spread of illness/disease

  • Increase of international trade, facilitated the spread of germs.

  • Rising urban population, crowed + unsanitary = Disease was destine to happen

  • Lack of medical knowledge, Lack of knowledge drove the spread of disease. 

  • Critical advancement in learning about diseases and the spread


   Effect of the plague:

  • Decline of urbanizations

  • Demise of the mongol empire

  • Labor shortages, allowed workers to obtain higher wages and better working conditions

  • Peasants revolt undermined serfdom and the feudal system (collapsed around 1450-1750 : Rise of monarchs)

  • Greater interest in technological innovations. 

  • Disruption of mongol-based land routes (The east wanted to avoid muslim intermediaries, gave europeans an incentive to take to the sea)

  • Eurpeans became the “new mongols” 1450-1750

Diffusion of crops:

  • In some places introduced crop where they had not grown before 

  • New crops often had an impact on land use and population growth and distribution

  • CHAMPA RIIICE (really good was able to be harvest twice a year and drought resistant + flood resistant) Population BOOM

  • Terraced farming (the cool hill thing)

Agricultural effects of exchange:

  • Indonesian seafarers traveling across the indian ocean had introduced bananas to sub saharan africa

    • Increased populations again

  • Caliphs conquered lands beyond the arabian peninsula the spread islam, the arabic language, and the cultivation of cotton, sugar, and citrus crops 

  • Eurpeans demand for sugar became very very high. (used mass amount of slaves in order to gain sugar)

Environmental degradations: 

  • Increases in population put pressure on resources

  • Overgrazings 

  • Over use of farm land and deforestation left to soil erosion


Date: November/8/2024

Tokugawa japan: How and why developed and expand, legitimize and consolidate power, Military professional


  • Lagged centuries behind china + india (due to geography)

  • Borrowed extensively from china

    • Adapted foreign elements to work for japan

  • Not good soil (16% cultivable), Poor in mineral resources

How does china influence japan and keep identity?

  • Learning from the chinese, medical practices, military tactics, road building clothing styles are and letter.

  • Confucian writings studied

  • Emphasis on family solidarity to filial devotion 

  • Tried to use bureaucracy (Never worked)

  • Chinese letter

    • Katakana and hiragana was 2 other alphabets used. 

  • Court and emperor remained an important ceremonial cultural role

    • Decentralized government

  • Feudalism (Emperor -> Daimyos -> samurai -> peasant, artisans, merchants)

    • Influenced by Confucianism 

Consolidating Feudal Power:

  • Established stable central government, after civil warfare was accomplished by:

    • Oda Nobunaha, fought to control kyoto (conquered half of japan provinces and destroyed buddhist monasteries)

    • Toyotomi Hideyoshi: Became ruler of the nation (tried to control korea and failed)

    • Tokugawa (I missed what it said :()


11/15 ABSOLUTISM 

  • Religious ideas :European notions such as divine right

Sovereign ALL POWER!!!

  • Absolutism is political doctrine of unlimited  centralized authority in which a single sovereign rulers hold complete and unrestrained power over a country prominent for om government in europe between 1600-1800

Monarchs believe that the kings are gods (god created the onarchy and the kind 

The divine right of kinds 

  • God created the monarchy and king

  • King was god representative on earth

  • As gods instrument, the kind possessed moral and legal obligation to rule without questions (from assemblies, legislatures, church, leader, or an aristocratic elite)

Royal houses 

  • Absolute monarchs were often hereditary monarchies; from families that gain authority by divine right

    • Monarchs (kinds/queens) and other royals frequently intermarried 

Versailles 




European Exploration c. 1450 -1750 (Means, motives, empires)

Cross cultural interactions = diffusions of technology and + changes in patterns of trade

  • Indian ocena commerce around 200-300 CE (as mariners learned the monsoon winds)

  • Improvements int sails 

    • Lateen sails: allowed ships to sail various directions regardless of which directions the winds were being blown

    • Chinese junks,  dhows

    • Astrolabe 


  • CAUSES OF TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFERS

    • Crusades (11-12th centuries)

    • Mongol invasion (13th)

    • Diasporic merchants communities 

    • Muslims in spain

    • Trade networks

    • Jesuit missionaries in eat asia

    •  Expansion of empires

  • New ships! +Cargo Space= Bulk trade + extra space for necessities  : Caravel (long voyages with good speed), Carrack (trade), Fluyt (trade)

  • Galleons: Muli decked sailing ships, used as armed cargo carriers 

Currents:

Atlantic currents: are fixed year round (unlike monsoons)

  • Europeans started gaining more knowledge of wind patterns in the atlantic and pacific 

Portugal started becoming a dominant force for travel and trade. 



Political Transformations (HOMEWORK)

Europe conquered territories a whole ocean away from the heart land. 

Spanish chose to focus their empire building in the caribbean, but later turned to conquest aztec and inca empires 

Brisits, french, and dutch all landed settlements in the east coast of america

And continued the expand and take over most of the americas

The European advantage

Geographically: Closer to the americas than asian competitors

Even though the indian ocean was a extremely wealthy trade route it gave little incentive for chinese, indian, or muslim participants to move out of their own waters.

European elites knew the regional power they held among their competitors: they were determined to gain access to the rest of the world

Once the europeans had access to the americas they had a surplus of natural resources, fertile lands, and further expansion = solid foundation for the long term economy

The want to expand created rivalries 

The growing merchant class wanted direct access to asian luxuries without muslim intermediaries that they found for distasteful? (IDKK)

Nobles and commoners found opportunities in gaining wealth and status 

Missionaries and followers of christianity wanted to spread the religion

All these motives could be answered in the americas, which is why people relentlessly tried to gain part in the americas

Even though europeans were very far from home, their states and trading companies learned how to effectively transport human and material resources

Technological borrowing :Gunpowder (some of the most advanced weapons w gunpowder) Advances in ship building, navigation techniques (compass, rudder, lateen sail)

The local societies (native americans) provided allies for the determined europeans invaders

Some people did not resented maxica domination and willingly joined the Hernan Cortes(spanish conquistador who led and expedition which caused the fall of the aztec empire) in the spain assault on the aztec empire

After the aztecs lost people joined Cortes as he conquered other empires

The inca welcomes spanish invaders, and came settle the rule

SPanish military victories wer enot soley based ono their own making but the product of alliances with locals and people who supplied the bulk of europeans conquering armies

Europeans spread dieases to the americas, the natives were not familiar with such dieases

ZOOM IN OJPIHUGYFUTDYRSTXCTYUVYLIBU:ONHJPOHYU(GT&F^DTCRXYSJF*

Dona mariana: between two worlds

She was sold into slavery and ended in the possession of a mayan chieftain on the gulf of mexico. Hernan attacks Tabasco (where she was) and ended up in the gifts the authorities gave to them. She became a interpreter across multiple languages  SHe later became his mistress and they had a son together. After the conquest she was not longer needed so she was married off to another conquistador, Where she was closer to her original town when she met up with her family again.   Now a days she is a complicated topic as some see her as a traitor and other see her as a ally of the spainsh. 


THe great dying and the little ice age 

The europeans created the collapse of the native american societies.

Due too the lack of immunity diseases like smallpox, measles,typhus,influenza, malaria, (later yellow fever)

So when native american came into contact with these people they died in tremendous numbers

CHANGE : central mexico's populations declines from 10 - 20 million to about 1 million (from spanish conquest and other factors that came from them)

Similar situation in north america as well


Little ice age: Due to less sun activity and more plant growth the planet went into a medium ice age

General crisis: Many countries such as china, Europea, north america experiences very cold winters during these periods, even regions near the equator experience irregularity

  • Growth of sahara (no rainfall)

  • Reduces harvest in europe (Wet and cold)

  • Droughts that ruined crops (china)

These problems created famines, epidemics, wars, and death

In the aztec empire had a severe drought, many people were left without water which prompted mexico to declare independence from spain. 

The caribbean experiences direct opposite than spain and has torrential rain pour

Columbian exchange

  • Europeans brought their own platsn and animals such as wheat, barley, rye, sugarcane, grapes, and many garden vegetables and fruits, and weeds.

    • Created a very european diet

  • Africans also brought rice, castor, beans, black-eyed peas, okra, sesame, watermelons, and yams.

  • Deforestation: the land was burned and logged and turned into fields and pastures (by the europeans)

  • Animals such as horses, pigs, cattle, goats, sheep: these animals thrived as they did not have many natural predators

FROM AMERICA TO EUROPE AND REGIONs

  • Corn potatoes, and cassava spread widely in the eastern hemisphere 

    • Theses crops were cheap and nutritious food for industrial workers,

      • Potatoes especially for the irish people: It allowed their population to grow 

    • In china Foods like corn, peanuts and sweet potatoes supplemented rices and facilitated and sustained chinas population explosion. 

  • Corn was used for food for slaves when being transport across the atlantic ocean 

  • Tobacco and chocolate spread 

  • Islamic and chinese tea spread world wide

Now mix this all together and you get the columbian exchange!!!!

While this benefited many countries like europe, africa, north and south america it was unfair to people who experience social disruptions 

Scientific revolution: new information flooded europe changed conventional understandings of th worlds.

The wealth of the colonies with the Precious metals natural resources new foods crops slave labor Financial profits Colonial markets provided the foundations to Europe's Industrial Revolution and the growing population of European societies

American greatly changed the global balance of power and gave europe and america the upperhand.


Alst paragraph of page 207


4.1 & 4.2 (European exploration CONTINUED!!!!!!!)

  • Europe had beet proximity to the atlantic ocean

  • European had competition between states, driving innovations and explorations

  • Europe had innovations in map making, navigation, and ship design (cuz of china india, dar as islam, etc)

  • One they had access to new colonies the resources further funded their exploration and colonization efforts 

  • Europeans wanted access to indian ocean trade

    • Muslims, chinese and indian already had access  .

Motivation for Europeans

  • Europeans wanted more silk spices and porcelain 

  • Increased competitions and rivariles between europeans states (threat of the ottomans) 

  • Growing merchant class in europe wanted to increase trade and wealth

  • Desire for easy access to indian ocean 

    • Wanted to bypass muslim intermediaries

  • Missionary/crusading zeal

    • Wanted to spread christianity

    • Wanted to compete with the spread of islam

    • Catholic jesuits 

  • God, glory, gold, (gateway) 3 or 4 Gs

Portuguese maritime empire baby steps:

  • During the 15th century prince henry the navigator want to spread christianity and increase portuguese power

  • Promoted maritime developments

  • Seized moroccan city of cetua (boosted their confidence)

  • Conquered uninhabited island of madeira and Azores Islands which they colonized

    • Think of trail for large scale colonization

  • Cultivated sugarcane on their conquered islands

    • Europeans develop sweet tooth

  • Also explore the west african coast trading huns, textiles, and manufactures goods for african hold and slaves

  • Caused increase demand for slaves, transporting them to atlanics islands to work as laborers but some were household slaves in europe


Portuguese voyages and colonies

  • Henry the navigator: led the first ventures

    • Sponsored studies and developments of navigation

    • Jewish cartographers

    • Studied and improved navigation technologies

      • Compass + astrolabe

    • Advances in ship (carvel)

  • Cannons tool down enemy ships

Portuguese maritime empire first steps

  • Explored west coast 

    • Trading guns, textiles, and manufactured goods for african gold and slaves

  • Previously they had been unable to explore the western coast of africa because winds blow north to south - without lateen sails they could sail south but not return home

  • Access to new ship designs and sails (allowed movement across the atlantic

  • Caused increased demand for slaves

  • Transported slaves to the atlantic islands to work as laborers or house hold slaves in europe

  • Set the precedent for african slaves being export to work on agricultural plantoes 


Gains Access to the indian ocean trade

  • Portugueses wanted access to the indian ocean trade

  • Wanted to avoid muslim and italian middle men

  • 1488 Bartolomeu dias :sailed around the cape of goods hope and entered the indian ocean

  • Vasco de gama: rounded the cape of good hope and up the east coast of african where he learned the monsoon winds

    • Arrives 1498

    • 1499 returned to lisbon with cargo of pepper and spices

  • European had no desirable goods to contribute to the indian ocean trade, so access to african gold and asian spices were essential for trade

Christopher

  • Spanish king and queen sponsored his voyage

  • Left 1492 with a fleet of three ships

  • Returned to spain without gold, spices, or slik

New continent

  • Columbus died not knowing he discovered a new continent

  • Died at 55 in spain

  • Amerigo Vespucci is the frist person to recognize that the west indians were a new continent

  • Vespucci to have understood brazil was part of 4 continent europeans did not know of which he called the new world

Ferdinand magellan proved the world is round on a voyages around the world

  • He was not a good leader, the voyage was bad only 18 out of 270 men survived.


DECEMBER 4th

Economic of Exploration (The trigangular trade, mercantulism, transatlantic slave trade)

  • Triangle trade: Trade routes between africa, europe and the americas

  •  Very general statement

    • CASH CROPS (america

    • NATURAL GOODS (america

  • Growth of global trade

    • Established empires in the new world created wealth and encouraged global trade leading to a wave of new business and trade practices, know as the commercial revolution (1400-1750) In europe

    • Revolution increased national wealth and laid foundation for capitalism

  • Mercantilism

    • Eager to get more funds for royal treasuries and increase prosperity, western european government became interested in economic affairs and applied the economic theories of mercantilism

    • Created colonies in other countries to gain raw goods for low prices 

    • Economic sys where nation sought to increase their wealth and power over other nations

  • Wealth is Finite: Limited (Because their wealth is in billions/precious metals)

  • FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE (Export more then import)

  • European countries needed to be self sufficient

    • In order to project domestic manufacturing through government regulation of protectionism or economic nationalism

      • TARIFFS (taxes on imports)

★ Colonies ★ colonies expanded natural resources, colonies were excepted to trade only with the mother country

  


Atlanctic slave trade:

  • Growth of plantation economy (labor system)

Colonies:

  • Depending on agriculture, utilizing existing labor

Slave trade before the new world

  • Slavery is ancient and widespread practice

  • Closely linked to warfare and capture

  • Major areas of Old world slave trade (b4 1500): Mediterranean, Indian oceans basin southern russia

  • Trans-saharan slave trade African captives into the middle east: east african slave brought africans to the middle east and indian ocean basin

  • Slavery came in many forms

    • Assimilated into master communities

    • Children inherited slaves status of their parents

    • Some children of slave were set free

  • Islamic world preferred female salves 2-1

  • Slave trade in indian ocean and ottoman empire (favored domestic servants

  • Some slave (islamic world) had military or political status 

Why africa?

  • Europeans were cut of from slavic slaves due to the ottoman empire

  • Impoverished europeans were christians could not be enslaved

  • Indigenous people of american were killed by diseases

  • European indentured servants were expensive and temporary

  • Slavery associated with race

  • Pope gave permission which made it acceptable for christians to enslave non christians. 

Early contact with europeans

  • West africans were interested in guns and finished goods from portugal 

  • Cooperation of african elite important

  • Portuguese dominated for 150+m years

  • As demand grew europeans joined slave trade

  • Many african states, kingdoms,cities were rivals and war produced war captives who provided labors for the victories

  • Europeans merchants benefited 

  • Europeans demand for slaves drove african supply

  • African sellers wanted textiles, metal goods, firearms, gunpowder, tobacco, and alcohol

  • Part of a worldwide exchange network

  • 1700-1850 was the peak of the slave trade dur to the american plantation economies 

  • Drew slaves from the west and south central africa

  • Moved into interior as the slave demand increases

How was slavery in the americas different

  • Immense size of the traffic in slaves

  • Centered primarily around economies of colonial america

  • Largely based on plantation agriculture 

  • Status was inherited across generations

  • Little hope of freedom

  • Atlantic slavery was indemnified wholly with africa and race for the frist time ever

  •  Chattel slavery: slaves treated as chattel or property

    • Slaves treated as dehumanized property, slaves lacked any rights in society.


Changes 

Continuities 

Based on race

Slaves are consider race

Slave status was a generational status

No right

Size and scale

Agriculture (plantations)

Dominated by european demand

Males over females

Shifted to the new world


Strenuous Labor (agriculture) 

Tropical climate

Slavery in the mediterranean continued 

Prisoners of war still captured as slaves

Household slaves still preferred in Mulsim slave trade

Female slaves still preferred for domestic roles




Movement of labor: 

Peninsulares (born Iberain peninsula) spring and portugal -> Creoles born in new spain of spanish parents -> Mesitos (born of spanish and native american parents) ->                            ->Native/indigenous people 


  • Women were often traded and sold as slaves, elitewomen married europen men 

  • European women in new spain :Patriarchy, consider the ¨bearers of civilization¨, transmitted wealth honor and status of the men by birthing legitimate children

British in north america 

  • Less class hierarchies than portuguese and spanish settlements 

  • Men had more religious freedom while women were stuck under the patriarchy 

  • Arrived late and got the left overs 

  • Social class: Gentry -upper class plantation owners wealthy -> Middle class trades, merchants, shop owners, Farmers->  free blacks  -> enslaved house servants -> enslaved felid workers

  • Settle farther north

  • Population died through warfare

  • Less slaves needed b/c smaller more independent farms 

  • Settlers were main protestant and did not desire to convert native people  


Spainsih and portuguese 

  • (jesuits and priest) Converted to natives 

  • Set residence and churches

  • Priest also saw to the spiritual needs of europeans and established schools

  •  Amerindian converted as a result of close contact with priest (As in it was not all forced)

  • Eventually some priest protested spanish exploration

  • Syncretism occurred

  • Catholic Inquisition  

    • NEW WORLD

      • Primary goal of the inquisition was to ensure that catholic orthodoxy prevailed and the “heretical” beliefs or practices did not undermine the authority of the church and spanish crown. 

      • Objectives of the inquisition in the americas 

        • Enforcing catholic orthodoxy

        • Supressesing indigenous and african religions

        • Maintaining social order

        • Enforcing racial and social hierarchies


  • Burning of sacred mexica texts by catholic missionaries.

  • Zocalo in the common name,  main square in central mexico city and a cathedral was built on top of it.  

  • Temple of the sun Inca had religious ceremonies, most of the temple was destroyed when the conquistadors used the rocks to build other things like churched and residences.

Syncretism and cultural changes in the New world

  • The syncretic beliefs system that new world between 1450 and 1750 were vital for the survail of cultural preservation of indigenous people and african under colonial domination

  • They allowed the continuation of african and indigenous tradition but disguised as christianity enabling the oppressed to resist cultural erase and maintain a sense of identity

  • Practices remained  today as foundation of afro lation and indigenous cullutres

Mexican catholicism and indigenous syncretism-lady of Guadalupe

  • Combines catholic and indigenous Nahua (aztec. mexicana) religious practices 

  • Appeared as a symbol of both indigenous and catholic faith. 

  • Came to emboyd the vigrn mary and indigenous goddess symbolizing the fusion of the two cultures. 

The day of the dead: Syncretism of indigenous and catholic traditions

Origins of dia de los muertos can be traced back to the aztec and other mesoamerican civilizations

Aztecs celebrated festival dedicated to the goddess “ the lady of the dead” guardian of the under worlds and after life


Voodoo/vodun

  • Originated from west african religious practices

  • Practiced in west africa, haiti, and other parts of the caribbean (especially french colonies

  • Polytheistic belief system involves the worship of spirts 

    • These spirits associated with natural traditions ancestors and deities from african traditions

  • Heavily influenced by catholicism 

    • Syncretized with africa cultures

  • Allowed african in the colonies to bring a part of the culture with them and to keep their traditions alive. 

Santeria

  • Originated with enslaved africans particularly those from the Yoruba people of west africa

  • Found in cuba and other parts of the caribbean

  • Combines elements of tradition african beliefs with catholicism 


European and Asian Commerce:

Trading post in africa

  • Expansion of martime trading newteoks supported the growth of african states

  • Asante Empire and the Kingdom empire of Kongo grew during this time

  • W cooperation w local rulers the portuguese and other european traders made trading post along africa's coast like slaves for gunpowder

  • Their participation in trade lead to an increase in their influence 

  • Vasco de gama invaded the swahili city states

  • Swahili took over trade in Kilwa, mombasa and other city states with heavily arms ships and building fortresses 

Portuguese Arrival

  • Eastern goods had trickled into the mediterranean through the middle east and indian ocean commercial network; problems existed for europeans

    • Middle man (Venetian and muslim traders had a monopoly on the trade

    • Pay for eastern goods- few european products were attractive in eastern markets so european were required to pay cash- golds or silver creating persistent trade deficit

Portugals trading post empire

  • P the Indian ocean merchant ships were not heavily armed (portuguese ships had on bored cannons

  • Chinese had withdrawn from the indian ocean early in the 15th century; only the muslim ottoman empire was in position to challenge 

  • A series of military confrontation result in victory for the portuguese allowing for the establishment of fortified bases at several key locations

  • Portuguese created a trading post empire 

  • By 1600 the P was trading empires was in steep decline 

    • Never control enough to become powerful 

    • Portuguese trader married asian 

Spain and the philippines 

  • Spanish were the frist challenge the portugues and established themselves on what became the philippine islands

  • Archipelago of islands had proximity to china and the spice islands, small militrat, weak societies, lack of interest from chian and japan allow spain to establish out right colonial rule by 1565

    • From mexico

  • Filipino society in to the only major outpost of christianity in asia

  • Tribute, forced taxes, and forced labor:  large spanish estates: women play a large role as spiritual specialist 

  • Manila Capital of the colonial

Birtish and dutch

  • Bristish and the dutch enter indian ocean commeriece in the early 17th century as rising nort eo=uropean powers

  • They quickly took over and displaced (often by force) and competed with each other vigorously

  •  both countries organized their indian ocean ventures through private companies (joint stock companies)  

Joint-stock companies

  • Were largey private own trading companies that encouraged investments by making it safer and less risky 

  • Removed requirements of state sponsored voyages

  • Two main players: British East Indain company, Dutch east indian company

  • Charters allow them to buy sell and build trading post print money and make war in the company 

Dutch  east india company 

  • Dutch control spices but also control the production 

  • Helped in dutch mercantilist system (economies of the spice island were destroyed b/c they sold the spices from the spice islands for 14 to 17 times the amount they paid. 

British 

  • Less well financed and less commercaily sophisticated in comparison to dutch

  • Focused their atteins on india where they established three major trading settlements (calicut 

European commerce in asia 

Asian merchants did not disappear from the indian ocean network  



UNIT 5: Revolutions

The Scientific revolution (1543-1687)

  • A transformation in thinking

    • Caused by scientific observation, experimentation and questioning traditional opinions. 

      • People stoop looking to the church, myths, supersitions for answers and instead wanted to use human powers of observation and reason 

  • The Scientific revolution is known fir

    • Scientific method

    • New scientific instruments

    • Scientific peer review

    • Galileo, newton,harvey,vesalius, copernicus,kepler, descartes,  bacon

  • Galileo Galilei

  • Most people believed that the earth was the center of the universe and was an immovable object (geocentric theory)

    • Common sense and christianity supported this view

  • Nicolaus copernicus first present the Heliocentric theory (sun in center earth go round)

    • Did not present his findings until the year of 1543 (his death year)

  • Galileo

    • Italian physicist (mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and pioneer of the scientific method

    • He was a Copernican: building on kepler's new theories of astronomy that confirmed the heliocentric theory

      • Built his own telescope to view the heavens

    • 1610 he published his findings (starry messenger) the findings were heralded (accepted it)  by the scientific community

  • Response of the church

    • 1616 the church condemns the copernicus theory but remained silent

    • 1629 he published the dialogue concerning the two chief world systems (though he had consent of the church)

    • 1632 was deemed a heretic and forced to stand trial before the inquisition and was sentenced to house arrest. (Instead of being burned at the stake)




What is the enlightenment?

  • An 18th century intellectual movement that movement that emphasized science, reason, and progress

  • Also called the “Age of reason”

    • Rational law

    • Natural law

    • Emphasized progress

  • Began in paris french (acme mid 1700s)

Origins of Enlightenment

  • Renaissance ⤵

    • Classicism

    • Humanism

    • Individualism

    • Secularism

    • Skepticism

  • Scientific Revolution ⤵

    • Empiricism and experiment

  • Enlightenment 

    • Natural law used to understand all aspects of society + human nature (solving all problems)

The enlightened individual -The Philosophe

  • French philosophers 

    • Thinkers and critics of society - middle and noble class

  • Discussed views and shared ideas in salons (gathering of the social, political and cultural elite) hosted by influential women [Madame Geoffrin]

  • Libraries and coffeehouse allow spread of rapid ideas

  • Wrote extensively 

Haiti history:
B4 the arrival of europeans it was inhabited by the taino pple

  • Columbis landed on the island in 1492 and the land was claimed for the spinach

  • 1559 the taino were close to extinction 

    • They faces enslavement starvation and disease

  • Economically the island was based on slavery 1625

  • Haiti become a french colony in 1697 and was renamed saint domigue

  • Lucrative colony (brought it alot of money produced 40% of sugar and 60% of coffee imported to europe

Post independence

1830, there was 16 independent countries


Classical Liberalism: Liberty, equality, popular sovereignty

Conservatism: Tradition, obedience, authority

  • Conservatives don't want to change the ways


  • Liberals (Middle class): dont want Joe smoe voting

    • Constitution

    • Separation of powers

    • Natural rights

    • Republican government

    • Laissefaire economic 

    • Revolution if necessary in order to achieve goals. 

  • Conservatives( Royalty/nobility + uneducated peasants) goals/In general

    • Royal families on throne

    • Traditional social hierarchy

    • Authority of established churches

    • Respect and obedience to authority 

    • Stability and order

    • Suppression of revolution

  • Enlistment ideas influences reform movements

  • Suffrage Movements

    • Suffrage= the right to vote in public elections 

    • British had most reforms in 1800s

      • 1832 extended rights to males who rented property land of a certain value

      • 1867 extended to men in urban areas who met property qualifications

      • Representation of the people act 1884:

      • AND MORE

    • US Suffrage

      • 15th amendment (1870): ANy male can vote

      • 19th amendment (1920):Men and women can vote

      • 23 amendment (1961): district

      • 24 amendment (1964)

      • 26 amendment (1971)

    • Abolition of slavery 19th century movement towards abolishing slavery (1800)

      • 1761, portugal (mainland not colonies

      • 1804: haiti

      • 1807: british (no slave trade but slavery in colonies

      • 1838: british (both motherland and colonies

      • 1863:13th amendment (US)

      • 1886: CUba

      • 1888: brazil

  • Russian Serfdom 

    • Emperor alexander ll abolished serfdom in 1861- freeing 23 million people

    • Serfs treated like property

  • Demands for women's suffrage: challenges hierarchy and patriarchy 

Seneca falls conference


The role of languages in fueling nationalism: German and italian unification

  • Germany and italy were really fragmented

    • But they were really brought together through languages 


Italiam nationails

  • Italians were inspired by liberal ideas and nationalist movement

  • Writers tried to revive interest in italy ancient tradition

  • The Risorgimento Movement (resurgence)

    • Called for the liberation and unification of italy

  • Giuseppe Mazzin

    • Revolutionary and nationalist,

      • Devoted his life to uniting italy

  • Often exiled for his revolutionary activities

  • Formed young italy to create the italian republic

  • The revolution in 1830 and 1849 failed

Camillo benso di CAVOUR

  • LIberal prime minister of piedmont sardinia (italian state ruled by king victor emmanuel ll

  • Wanted a unified and inductrailed italy under the leadership of king victor

  • Worked behind the scene to expand the Piedmont sardinia power

  • Strengthened the army, established banks, favorites, and railroad +Treaties of trade

  • Began the process of unification by provoking a war with austria

    • Won with the help of the french

    • The northern states were now free from austrian control and open to unification

    • Still hasn't unified the southern states

      • This was a problem because the life styles between the north and south was very distinct/ different

Giuseppe garibaldi

  • Nationalist military leader

  • Part of some of the failed revolutions

    • Was sent to death for his involvement

  • Went to south america and spent 14 years fighting in south america conflict and civil wars

  • Became a brilliant general and guerilla fighter

  • Cavour arranged Garibalid return to italy in 1854

    • Wanted help to unify the south

  • Garibaldi and his volunteer army of red shirts invaded sicily (Expedition of the thousands

  • His forces crossed to the mainland and defeated the kingdom of the two sicilies

  • Became a national hero

  • Garibaldi planed to continue north but Cavour stoped him

  • Garibalid put down his sword and supported the establishment of kingdom of italy under king victor

  • Italian peninsula was officially united in 1861 

Unifed italy

  • Established an independent and sovereign nation-state, it still challenges existed in achieving political stability 

    • North + industrialized : SOuth agricultural

    • Limited suffrage

    • Italian had limited experience with self government

Holy roman empire (VERY FRAGEMNTED) napoleon dissolved roman empire, but the congress said no way joes to napoleon and created the german confederation (39 states) Laid the ground work for politically unified german state, language and history common

German nationalism

  • Germans resented the french

  • German Romanticism, shared national spirt ( volk)

    • Das lied der deutschen Became national anthem (1841) : Nationalism

  • German states and people wer influenced by revolutionary nationalism of time

    • Liberals tried to politically unify germans during revolution of 1848 but they failed

The beginning of german unification

  • Largest german state, prussia, economic unification by establisng the Zollverein

    • German states historical had levied tariffs

    • Junkers (aristocratic landowners

    • Zollverein was a custom union created to reduce or eliminate these cost between members. By 1854 nearly all german states wer included except austria

  • Lower nire uniform prices because of zollverein supper inductrilaizaiton

  • King wilhelm the first grew the german monarch 

Otto von bismarck - Iron chancellor

  • Lead prussian cabinet as prime minister to spearhead his projects and visions for a united germany

  • Conservative JUnker; politician

    • Raised protestant

    • Supported absolitism and strong military

    • Opposed democracy, and institutions like parliaments and diets + enlightenment ideas 

  • Strong leadership and political

Franco prussian war


Industrial revolution unit 5

  • Scientific and technological development/process in the 18th century 

    • Largely rural agrarian into industrial urban ones (europe + N america)

    • Culmination of scientific and enlightenment ideas

  • The Second Agricultural Revolution 1650-1900

    • Most europeans worked and lived in small farming villages + not effective farming methods

    • Few farmers experimented w techniques

    • Food produced kept the population of europe growing rapidly

  • Enclosure lands: fences used to protect larger farms

    • Big jump in 17 and 18 hundred

    • Smaller farmers moved to more urban areas

  • Crop rotation: maximized farmland and increased production

  • New crops ( Corn and potatoes ): calorically dense = higher population

  • New tools: Iron plow and seed drill, made it more efficient 


  • Agriculture spurs industry

    • Smaller fields into larger ones

    • Fertilizer

    • Selective breeding

    • Higher yielding seeds

Surplus of food and less people needed to get this food

More food = more people

Why great britain? ( Factors of productions Land Labor Captial)

  • Natural resources

    • Abundance of coal

    • rivers= water power and transportation resources and goods

    • Access to the sea

    • Skilled and educated work force

  • Population explosion ; demands fo more goods

  • Booming economy

  • Stable government

  • Royal navy

  • Policatcal life encouraged commercialization and economic innovations

  • Fluid society allowed fro social adjustments

  • Britain's textiles industry

    • Cloths from home -> producing in  factories

    • Cotton textile industry was the frist to undergo mechanization

    • 1761 england imported 4million pounds of raw cotton by 1815 england imported 100 illion pounds

      • Population increase lead to increase demand

      • Prices of wool dropped due to technological improvements

        • Loom

        • Cotton gin

  • Slavery oversea empire 

(B4 IR) Cottage industry : business or manufacturing activity carried on in a persons home

  • Tools/machines

    • Flying shuttle

    • Spinning jenny

    • Water frame

    • Spinning mule

    • Power loom 

    • Cotton gin

  • Factory system

    • Richard Arkwright

  • Opens a spinning mill near water (power + transportation) and brings workers and machines together in one place to produce goods

  • By 1784 Arkwright employed several hundred people -> the factory system is born. 

Factory system

  • Centralized production in large facilities

  • Increased productivity and standardization

  • Shifted from home based work to factory work

  • Mechanization on manufacturing process

  • Beginning of growing middle class

Manchester

  • Manchester a city in england became the dominate center for textile industry

    • 1776- first water powered cotton mills came from streams and rivers

    • 1816, 86 cotton mills -> 1825: 104 cotton mills

Energy revolution

  • Industry originally relied on

    • Water, wind, wood, human/animal labor

  • Coal oil and natural gases replaced these 

  • These energy sources made more powerful machines

  • More energy = increased production== more output of goods

  • Industrial out put increase 50x (1750-1900)

  • Created culture of innovation 

    • Steam engine gathers coal, coal is used to work the engine

New technologies

  • Better sources of energy = more powerful machines/technologies

  • Steam engine (runs on coal) :people did not need to live next to a river:

    • James Watt improved steam engine

  • Use of coal also changed the quality of iron 

    • Iron = important part in many steam engines

Rapid development of steam powered industrial production in european countries and the us contributed to the increase in these regions share of global manufacturing during the first industrial revolution 

2nd industrial Revolution

★ Expansion of electricity petroleum and steel 

Transportation + communication: Movement of people and goods, increased industrial productivity lead to the diffusion on industrial to europe and other parts of the world 

  • Transportation improvements

    • Canal network

      • Man-made waterways which could move heavy goods more easily and cheaply

    • Steamboats

      • Sea vessel powered with a steam engine that greatly reduced the speed and cost of shipping and travel

    • Macadam roads

      • Speed and improve condition for wagons and coaches

    • Turnpike trust

      • Private organization that built and maintain roads in britain. They were created by acts of parliament to improve roads and transportation

  • Railway mania

    • The rocket was a ponier steam powered locomotive ( carried goods and people)

    • liverpool and manchester (L&MR)  railway opened in 1830 carried 1200 people

★ Railroads industrial era as it created new jobs, transported materials/finished products, made travel easier 


Communication improvement

  • Work of scientist aided communications and the ability to communicate over long distances

  • Electrical Telegraph developed by samuel morse transmitted electrical signals over wire (Morse code)

  • True turning point in history

    • Allowed the spread of media much faster, eventually connected europe and america 


Issues of the industrial revolution

  • The industrial life “was a stony deser, which they had to make habaibel by their own efforts’

    • Friendly soiceties members contributed dues to prodive insurance

    • Luddites: engaged in sabotages : Broke into factories and broke the machinery

    • Refromers felt that government needed to play an active rile to improve the condition for the poor EX: public education, prison system, voting, womens rights, abolition of slaveryInfluenced by popular literaute

  • Utilitarianism : greatest good for the greates amount of people

Refroms of the industrial 

  • Universal male suffrage

  • Creation of labor unions

    • Trade unions legalized in 1824: fought for worker rights

    • Wages rose

    • Abolishing child labor

    • Regulation of factory conditions

  • Sanitation reforms: Cleaning the filth and stink of the city

  • Creation of parks and open spaces

Labor rights reforms

  • Child labor

    • In 1788 ⅔ of textiles workers were children

  • Improving working conditions

  • Minimum wage

    • US i 1933

    • UK 1998

  • Working hours

    • Before IR = 11-14 hour

    • After IR = 16+ hours

  • Sanitation reforms

    • Great britain: Public health act of 1875

      • Required houses to have running water + plumbing to stop sewage in streets

      • Sanitary inscpectors

  • Public Education

    • Great britain: Compulsory education began in 1880 (Schools were private or charitable organizations

    • United states: recommended that children go to school 

  • Refroms of the industrial R

    • Slavery

  • Urban life + Improvement

    • Working conditions

      • Trade union act 1971: made unions legal

    • City life development of iron pipes, flush toilets, water systems

    • Society

      • Pasteurizations + refrigerators

      • Public school system

      • Cheaper clothing

      • More print material

      • Rise in leisure

  • Women in the industrial revolution

    • Middle class women were: 

      • Homemakers, wives, and mothers

      • Charged with creating an emotion haven for the men

      • Moral center of the family

      • Educators of respectability

      • Family shopper

      • Ideology of domestically 

      • Wer enot to work for a profit

  •  Women should avoid the public sphere of work and politics and instead focus on domestic life, children, housekeeping and religion


  • Women in the working class

    • Instead of working with their husbands on family farms and taking care of their children, poor women in cities would work in factories. 

    • Some women worked as domestic servants

    • Factory jobs required women to leave their children for long hour, the jobs could also caused them injury, crippled, sick or deformed

    • Women were paids ½ of a mans salary

Socialism

Historical develppments

  • Discontent with power structures


Proletariat

  • The proletariat (Working class)  was growing and realized that they are being exploited by the bourgeoisie

  • They began to unit and work to distribute wealth more evenly, change ownership and operation of means of the production

The labor movement

  • Formed unions, participate in collective bargaining and often expressed their demands for better working condition through strikes and protest

  • Some labor movements pushed for reforms while other demanded revolution

  • This was a global movement but the transnational nature of labor often made it difficult to organize

New ideas: new opinions and ideas about society 

Rias of socialism

  • To distribute wealth more evenly, change in operation of the means of production: leading to the development of socialism

  • Socialism called for government to own the means of productions and operate them for the welfare of people 

Socailism

Capalistims: competition

Socialism: cooperation 

Karl Marx

  • Prussian born journalist who thought socialism was impractical

  • Was seen as racial and forced to leave the country

    • Moved to london to study capitalist economy

  • Together with friedrich engles he published the communist manifesto pamphlet

    • Class struggle 

    • Problems with capitalism 

Communist manifesto

  • All major changed in hisotryy arise from a struggle over inequality

  • Conflict of the industrial age was between the wealthy capitalist owners and the large number of workers who lived in poverty

  • Called for a revolt by the proletariat against bourgeoisie and creation of a dictatorship of the proletariat  

    • Control the government and dismantle capitalism to ultimately transition to a stateless classless society 

Marxism or pure communism

  • Marx believed that eventually pure communism would organically emerge

    • Classes, stateless societies where everyone works for the common good

    • Abolition of private property

    • No money,markets, or social hierarchies

    • State control over communication, transportation and education system

Adam smith capitalism dominated the industrial revolution

Led to tremendous inequality 

Where was marc revolution?

  • Many reforms were made that appeased the working class

    • Improving conditions 

    • Huge wealthy class and smaller working class

  • Wages rose under pressure from union chape imported food improved diet, infant mortality rate dropped, shop and stores catering towards woking class families grew

  • Today communist are led by s single political party claiming to represent the proletariat

  • Power in concentrated in the hand of a dictator

  • Centralized government control of the economy

  • Limited political freedom

Imperial russia (Background)

  • Most citizen were surfs

  • Under monarchy family romanov

Imperial russia

  • Russia is behind the rest of europe (Terms of industrialization)

  • Russia’s majors exports were grain

  • Serfdom: working class was brought and sold with land

    • Excepted high crop yields were used for profit by the nobles of russia to acquire badges od cultural respectablity

Alexander ll 1860

  • Inspire dby the enlightenment

  • Introduced

    • Emancipation edict of 1861

      • Abolished serfdom but not much has changed 

      • Required to stay in villages until aristocrats are repaid for land

    • Some went to cities to work in the factories

    • Built trans siberian RR and major steel industry 

    • Arts flourished

    • Alex was assassinated 

Alexander lll (after ll died)

  • Reverses political modernization and focuses only on economic

    • Rapid buildup of heavy industry

    • Gulags

  • Lacks a middle class or highly trained labor forces

  • Becomes 4 leading producers of steel. 

TThe revolutionary movement grows

  • Industrialization creates discontent over poor working conditions, low wages, child labor

  • Workers grew angry and led to revolutionary groups (Bolsheviks and Menshviks)

Pre_revolutionary russia

  • Only true autocracy left in europe (absolute monarch)

  • No type of representative political institutions 

  • Nicholas ll became Tsar in 1884

  • Believed he was the absolute ruler appointed by god

The Russo-Japanese War (russia deafted)

Bloody sunday: January 22 1905

  • 200,00 workers march on the czars palace to demand reforms

  • The army fires into the crowd killing over 200

  • Massacre leads to widespread unrest; nicholas is forced to make reforms 

October manifesto

  • The duma russia first parliemnt meets in 1906

  • Nick is unwilling to share power dissolves the dumma after 6 weeks

  • New duma a month later dissolved after two weeks

Similarities

  • Pre world war l russia and japan were not equal to the west 

  • Rise contributes to the growing sense of competition between established western powers

  • Maintained economic and political independence during the west century of power

  • Prior experience of imitation

  • Improved their political effectiveness during the 17 and 18th centuries

  • Used the state to sponsor changed

    • In the west change was initiated by private businesses 

  • Expansionist

    • Japan: China/taiwan/korea

    • Russia:crimea

  • Most reform/industrialization in the 2nd half of the 19th century

  • Tensions between traditionalist and reformist intellectuals 

  • New parliaments created

    • Japan: Diet

    • Russia: Dumma

Ottoman empire and the west

Early modern ottoman empire

  • Large muti ethnic empire dominated by muslim turks

  • Strong sword of island

  • Protecting the holy cities of islam

  • Tax farming (highest bidder)

  • Devshirme system

  • Jannisaires

Sick man of europe

  • By then ed of the 19th century the ottoman empire was no longer able to deal with europe. 

Foreign Impact

  • Consistent conflict with neighboring regions

    • 67 documentanted conflicts

  • Ottoman lands shrank after Russian, British, Austrian, and french aggression

    • Egypt became virtually independent

  • Rise of nationalism among greeks, serbs, bulgaria, romania ,lead to independence of these countries 

Internal impact

  • Central Ottoman state had weakened ( unable to raise revenue)

  • Local leaders and authorities gained greater power

  • The Janissaries lost their military edge and became highly conservative

  • The centrality of the Ottoman empire in global trade diminished as europeans achieved direct access to asia

  • Competition for cheap european goods hits ottoman economy

    • Dealing with riots and protest from artisans

  • Capitulations (Unequal treaties) - allowed Euorpeans to exemptions from ottoman law and taxation

  • Debt accumulated as the result of foreign loans to finance economic development

Early Reform efforts - “defensive modernization”

  • Sultan selim lll (1789 -1807)

    • Remodeled army to match europeans

    • Weakend the Janissaries

    • Overthrown and murdered

  • Sultan Mahmud ll (1808- 1839)

    • Abolished the janissaries and had most massacred

    • Builds more roadways, railroads, and telegraph lines

    • Reforms schools established a postal service

    • Legalized fratricide (Killing siblings) to keep the thrown and assure succession

Tanzimate Reforms

  • Series of reforms after Mahmud ll between 1839 -1876

    • Building more railroads and roadways

    • Rotting out of widespread government corruption

    • Creation of secular schools specialized collages (No longer under Ulama

    • Declare reality of men regardless of ethnicity or religion

    • Ministry of justice created. 

Ottomanism (Form of nationalism)

  • New class of Young Ottomans

    • Lower level officials, military officers, writers, poets, journalist

    • Many had received western style educations (enlightenment ideas)

    • Supported european government styles (Paraliaments + constitutions): 

    • Favored islamic modernism: Embrace western technical scientific Knowledge while rejecting materialism

  • Small victory achieved when sultan 

Young turks

  • The Young turks emerged as a political reform movement in response to abd al-hamid ll

  • Favored replacement of the empires absolute monarchy with a constitutional monarchy

  • They saw the ottoman empire as a “Turkish national state’

  • Young turk revolution begins in 1908

    • Pushed for radical secularization of schools courts and law codes

    •  Permitted elections and competing political parties

    • Encouraged turkish as official language

    • Opened modern schools for women and allowed women to wear western clothing

  • Unintended consequence emergence of arab and other nationalism

Unit 6 

Chine/ Qing dynasty (1644-1911)

  • ( BACKGROUND INFO) Emperor qianlong (Imperial portraits)


  • Did not feel like they needed to adapt to western progress

“Century of Humiliation”

  • 1800s the Qing dynasty was in decline

    • Irrigations + Canals were poorly maintained = flooding of huang he valley

    • Population explosion that begun early that created hardships for chinas peasants

    • Extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich and widespread official corruption add to the peasants troubles

    • Civil service exam rocked by bribery

    • Roaming bandit gangs

  • Peasants took part in the Taiping rebellion, most devastating revolt in history. 

Taiping Rebellion (1850 - 1862)

  • A chinese civil war between dynasty and peasants

  • Leader (Hong Xiuchuan) declared himself brother of jesus, and was sent to establish a “Heavenly, kingdom of great peace.”

  • Rejected confucianism, buddhism ,taoism and other ethnically chinese religions

  • Peasants believed the qing lost the mandate of heaven

  • The Qing were foreigners, not ethnically chinese

  • Role of Hakka women

    • Feet were never bound and served as soldiers

  • Established capital in nanjing 1854

  • Ultimately failed and lost 20-30 million civilians

Western Pressure - Opium

Causes of the opium wars

  • British using opium for tea, silk, and other chinese goods

  • Chinese productivity declines, addiction increases

  • Opium declared illegal in china = war

  • Treaty of nanjing

  • “Spheres of influence” 

Age of imperialism (1870-1914)

“What is imperialism?”

  • The set od ideas, ambitions, and actions of a powerful state in the conquest and rule of people in other societies

  • Imperialist states create empires. 

  • New Imperialism or the “Age of Imperialism”

    • Refers to the period from 1870-1914 that saw an expansion of foreign rule by western powers ( &U.S & Japan) following the industrial revolution

  • Colonialism- shared set of experiences by colonial subjects

Reasons for Imperialism (The 4 Gs): gold, god, glory, gateway

  • Gateway- exploratory interest. 

  • Discovered and map new lands and sea routes 

    • Especially now as new industrial technology enable inland exploration. 

  • Fulfill a sense of adventure

    • Lots of travel books published

    • Romanticized faraway land

  • Glory- Political power

  • Political rivalries led to countries attempting to “gobble up” more land

  • Fueled by competition and nationalism

    • Especially among recently unified italy and germany

  • Seen as a way to extend military power

    • Source of troops

    • Strategic locations

  • God- Culutral reasons for imperialims

  • Chrisitan missionaries desires to spread faith and convert others

  • European belif in their “suprior” or “Civilized” and industrialized way of life

    • Based on the ideas of Socail Darwinims which applied charles dariwns ideas about evolution to people and society

    • Herbert spencer among the leading social darwinist

  • Desire to provide humanitarian aid

  • Eduations 

  • Gold- Economic reasons for imperialism

  • Colonies provided an outlet for europes booming populations

    • Australia- penal colony (Prison colony)

  • Sources of natural resources to fulfill industrial Revolutions demand for raw materials

  • Established new markets for surplus goods.

Technology of industrial revolutions fuels IMperialism 

  • The technological development made possible by the Industrial Revolution enabled many empires to expand their size (IDK WHAT HAPPENED TO THIS)

  • Transportation - steamships, railroads (and later, cars and airplanes)

  • Communication - telegraph (and later, telephone, internet)

  • Weapons - repeating rifles, Gatling gun (and later, artillery and more)

  • Medicine - quinine (and others to treat disease in faraway lands)

  • Because of industrialization, distance mattered less and less (distance decay), and movement of people and goods became quicker (time-space compression)

  • As a result, the pace of imperialism grew rapidly and the “reach” of an empire expanded (eg. grew further inland)

Justifications for imperialism 

  • Social darwinism, white mans burden and paternalism 

European justification

  • Little justifications beyond spreading christianity

  • Europeans experienced the 19th century enlightenment ideals made unjustified conquest morally troubling for come

    • Imperialist justified their conquest using scientific racism

Social Darwinism

  • Charles darwinism published “Origin of species” 1859 where put creates the idea of natural selections ( Best adapted survived and reproduced)

  • Enlighten, Herbert spencer, created survival of the fittest and applied it to humans and nations

  • Social Darwinism- those who were the fittest for more advanced enjoyed wealth and success and were consider superior to others Belief in superiority in the western nations. 

Paternalism

  • The policy or practice on the part of people in position of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the subordinates supposed best interest

Rudyard kipling

  • Born in bombay india

    • Parents had gone to india to help the british run the government

  • Sent to england for educations

  • Lived in the US and england during his adult life

The US- The Little Brother learning the Ropes

  • The US was not involved in the scramble for africa, but eas invited to the berlin conference

  • It play a smaller but significant role in colonialism particularly in latin america

White mans burden

  • The white man has the moral obligation to rule the non white people of the earth while encouraging their economic, cultural and social progress through colonialism (the burden of “empire”)

  • The poem suggests that the white man's burden is a noble, hard task

  • The poem has come to represent eurocentrism ans suggest the european industrialization and culture is the only way to ‘civilize’ the developing world 

The scramble for africa 

  • European nations began to Race against each other to establish settlements and obtain natural resources they could use in their industrial economies

  • Become know as the “Scramble for africa”

  • Some began earlier than other and gained more land (British and french)

  • Revolts and rebellions are common. 

Cecil rhodes

  • Ceicil rhodes was a british imperialist, businessman, mining magnate

  • Kayrole in british south africa company 

    • Aimed at economic exploitation and development of southern africa particularly in areas that are now zimbabwe and zambia. The company playe a significant role in the expansion of british imperial interest in the region

  • Wanted to create a railroad, From cape to cairo

    • Incomplete between northern sudan and uganda

  • Founded De beers consolidated mines LTD, which created a monopoly over the global diamond market by controlling the production and distribution of diamond, primarily from south africa

    • Significantly chapped the perception of diamond as a luxury item through marking and price manipulation

Berlin west africa conference 

  • Recognizing that the “scamble for africa” could lead to war amongst european powers, otto van bismarck (chancellor of newly unified germany) Proposed a conference to divided up africa in a reasonable and peaceful matter

    • All europeans nations (except switzerland) Attended; no african representatives

    • Dived up the african continent by territorial claims and by rule of occupations (treaty agreements, building, soldiers, ad administrates on the ground) - african land claims were not consider (sounds like the treaty of tordesillas

    • Established principles of colonizations moving forward

      • Free trade

      • Elimination slave trade and of slavery

      • Respect for territorial claims

      • Improving the moral and wellbeing of africans

  • King leopold and the belgian congo

  • Bicycles represented exploitation of people in congo but also feminism. 

British colonialism in india

  • Muslim mughal empire once ruled but lost power

  • Indians were hindus and used the caste system

  • Largely rural society 

British eat indian company

  • British involvement in indian trade 1600

    • Granted charter to the british east india company 

      • Government powers, taxes, armies, negotiated agreements, and rule some parts of india

  • British started to extend control

  • Relied on the traditional princes and other rulers

  • The company took direct control in some places and taxed more effectively

  • Taxiing powers often upset both peasants and wealthy aristocratic landowners. 

Why was india so valuable to britain

  • Known as the “Jewel in the crown” due to its resources and large populations

  • Fertile lands, produced valuable goods like cotton and tea

  • British officers forced indian farmers to grow cash crops, like opium, to be sold to china, creating massive profits. Lead to famine due to not enough food production

  • The ports are strategic locations, further boosting the value. Became central to british trade in asia

Indian sepoys (Indian rebellion)

  • Many soldiers serving in the british east india company: called sepoys. 

    • The  company trained and armed the sepoys to defend british interest and expand their dominations across south asia

  • By the 1850 there were nearly 300,000 sepoys serving in the company army.

  • Sepoys faced discrimination

    • Hind and musil beliefs

    • Sepoys were never promoted to higher ranks, only the british soldiers received promotions. 

Rebellion of 1857

  • IN 1857 a series of uprising broke out in a military stations. These rebellions expressed various outrages that had trouble many communities for decades. 

  • Sepoy rebellion spread to many separate areas in northern indian

  • The spots and the british both committed bad acts. British women and children were slaughtered, which aroused enormous outrage in england. 

  • Members of rebellions included some indian nobility, rural landowners, and peasants. Yet many indian sided with british and not all regions of india took part in the uprising. 

US imperialism: from expansion at home to empire abroad

  • Origins of US imperialism; native land

    • Manifest destiny

    • Indian removal acts

    • Trail of tears

  • Why do tree make oxygen if they dont want it?

  • GUANO “white gold” good fertilizer (rlly important like CHAMPA RICE)

  •  Guano island acts 1856

CHinese coolies

Navassa rebellion of 1889

  • 1859 Guano island

    • Prevented haitian claims to island

  • Baltimore and NY companies ship black laborers to mine guano

  • 1889 worker revolt kill 5 white overseers

  • Jones v US; affirmed constitutionality of guano act

  • Pres. harrison commutes sentence “they were american citizens.. Removed from any opportunity to appeal

  • Military bas and base of operations against cuba

  • Still claimed by haiti

  • Wildlife refuge

Frederick jason turner, “ The Significance of the Frontier in American history” 1893

America looks to acquire territories hawaii

  • Kingdom of hawaii

  • 1830s sugar american plantation

Spanish american war

  • Spanish brutalities 

    • Cubans and filipinos want independence

  • US business interest (cuba)

  • Alliance with emilio aguinaldo in philippines

  • US gains (Buys) philippines, puerto rice, guam

    • Influence in cuba

Economic imperialism

Export economies: specialized in exporting raw goods

  • Cotton production in egypt

  • Rubber extraction in the amazon and congo basin

  • Palm oil trade in west africa

  • The guano industries in peru and chile

  • Meat from argentina nad uruguay

  • Diamonds in africa

Decline of economically productive, agricultural based economies

Development of extensive mining center (copper mines in chile, gold and diamond mines in S. africa) 


Economic spheres of influence

  • Opium: highly addictive narcotic

    • British india's most valuable export to china in the late 18-19th century to china and SE asia

      • Came largely from india

  • Became the single most important import used to offset the trade deficit between china and britain

    • Importing tea, porcelain, and silk in great quantities from china

  • Opium imports to china led to conflicts from the british and qing dynasty officials

  • led to opium wars

  • British was victories and led to the treaty of nanjing in 1842


West africa (lever brothers and palm oil)

  • Lever brother needed palm oil for soap (Early example of multinational corporation

    • Sunlight soap used palm oil instead of animal fats

  • Established plantations in british controlled nigeria and congo basin

    • Partnership with belgian government, made joint stock companies (les huileries du congo belge)

  • Forced labor and land seizures ensured cheap production, benefiting european investors

  • Industrial capitalism and imperialism worked hand in hand

  • Todays foundation for the MNC (Multinational company), unilever

Latin america and united fruit company

  • Us businesses (e.g UNited fruit company) controlled exports, infrastructure and politics in central america

  • The US overthrew leaders (e.g., Guatemala 1954) to protect business interest

  • Foreign companies shaped economies making them dependent on a single export.

Human migrations

  • Migranst significantly increased due to development of transoceanic empires + Capalitlism

  • Produces sociallity different soiceties

Immigrations 


  • Coered labor was still used, though being challenged by abolisinoist movements

    • Slavery until mid 19th century

    • Chinese + indian indenytred servitude

    • Convict labor

  • Mirgants were typically male, leaving women to take of new roles at home

  • Migrants created ethnic enclaves 

  • Increase rasist prejudice ( as people tried to control the flower of immagrants.  

Indians Enclaves

  • Britian abolished slavery which was replaced with indentured servitude

  • Indians were amounst first indentured servants sent to work in british colonies indians traders settled in countries where there were indentured laborers

  • Indian in africa

    • Sent to work on sugar plantations, railroad constructions

    • Hindus and muslims emigrated ( hindus brought catse system but often adbadoned it

  • Indians in southeast asia

    • Indians were major source of indentured labor in the ceylon, burma, and malya on tea, coffee and ruber plantations

    • I

  • South asian immigration to south america

  • Hindusim in te religions of 35% of the population of guyanan

  • Guyana has the highest percentage of hindus in the western hemispher

  • After the 1833 slavery aboltion act the brits still needed labor



Unit 7 Global balance of power


  • Attempts to maintain peace

  • Industrila and imerpialism + shifts in major pwoers

    • Great britisn, US, Germnay, France = 80% of worlds manufactyrubg

      • Ealry 18th c: india and china = leading manufacyryres

  • Rise of Japan, US, Gernman

  • Decline of Ottoman empire, China (QIng)

  • Wraked by revoltuion

    • Mexico, no collapse but politcal changes

    • Russia, brand new government (Soviete untion

    • China politcal collapse. 

  • Shifts in global power!!

Chinas Century of humiliations

  • Opium wars - Treaty of najing, uneqaul treates to open up 5 ports to forgien trade, british gained hongkoing, granted british citizens extraerritroualitys

  • Taiping Rebllions (peasant uprising that toppled the qing (more than 20 mill died)

  • Self strengthing movement 

    • Modernizing militartys, infastructure, education 

    • Conservative confusian world veiw

  • Loss Sino japanese war

    • Western powers and japn carve out spheres of infleunce

    • Us open door policy

  • Emperors Guangxu 100 day refroms

    • Attemps to modernize poltical, socail and culture aspects

    • Ened by empress dowagecixi (regent of gauanxu)

Boxer Rebellion

  • The rebellion was led a sercret soicety called the Yihetuan or “Righteous and harmonious fist” (Known as Boxers in the west) who were anti-frogein and anit christian

  • The Eight nation alliance defeats boxers and weakens qing control over china

    • Russian invasion of manchuria in 1900

  • Outcomes

    • Great dishonor to empress Cixi who accepted all allied demands ( a Large indemnity and occupation of beijing)

    • Even chinese conservatives relizaed they would need to support westernization 

    • Refroms:

      • Women went to school

      • Students sent abroad

      • Emphasis on science and mathematics in place of confuscian thought (Ended Civil service exam)

      • China expanded economically

      • CHinese business class emerged, and a new urban working class began to press for rights

      • Created leceyc Privincal assemblies 

Growth of chinese nationalism- China in the 20th century

  • Rise of Revolutionaries

    • Chinese were beginning to travel abroad in lagre numbers and studied western polictcal and philosphical ideas: Englightenment thought, revolutions, democracy

  • Sun Yixian or Sun Yat-Sen: Was on of the students who studied enight in hawaii and began planning a revolutionary movement in 1894

    • Organized revolutionary alliance ot rebuild china on “three principles of the people’ : Noationalsim, democracy, livelihood

  • 1911 Revoltuion -Child emperor Puyi abdicated the throne ending chinas 2000 year old monarch

  • Established the republic of china (RoC) sun yat sen sworn in as president

  • Sun yat sen then founded the Kuamintang (nationtionalst party) that would later fight with communist for contorlo over china 

  • Does not end foreign influence in China yet. 

Ottoman empire:\

  • Tanizmat reforms

    • Equal rights

    • End of jizya

    • Abolition of jannissaries

    • Centralized bureaucracy

  • Crimean war:phrrhic victory (Came at such a great cost that its basically a defeat)(forgein loans

  • Russian support for Pan-slavism

    • 19 century movement that reconginzed a common ethnic bacjground amoung various slav people of eastern and east central europe and sought to unite people for achievement of common cultural and politcal goals. (became associated with russian expansionism)

  • Ruso-Turkish war

    • Bulgaria, romania, Serbia, montenegro independent

  • 1878: sultan abdul hamid II revokes constitution

  • Rise of young turks (Intellectuals military, ethnic groups)

    • Secret revoltuionary group

    • Committee of unions progress

  • Young turks in power

    • Turkish nationalims

    • Inpsired by the meiji restorations

    • Committee of union and progress (CUP)

    • 1908 revolution- Allows Young turks to exercise real power

      • Constitutional monarchy and reforms

      • Quash balkan nationalist movemnts

    • Power struggles until final turkish coup in 1912

      • Radical vs liberal

    • Restored constitution

      • Modernize gov institutions

      • Guarantee reefoms to citizens

    • Turkish nationalism spooks balkan stares

    • Balkan war ealry1900

    • Loss in 33% of empire territory and 20% of populaiton

World war one (1914-1918) 

Causes: M.A.I.N

  • Militarism

    • Glorifying military strength as the best way to resolve conflict; keeping a military mobilized and prepared for war

      • “Readyness”- soldiers believed that the war would only last 4 months, soldiers believed it make them more manly. 

      • Great britain has large navy

      • Gernmany has large navy

      • Everyone is spending more money to build up their militaries. 

      • Technolgoies is change warfare (Dreadnought ship)

  • Alliances

    • A military or economic agreement between two or more countires to maintain a balance of power.

      • Alliances were made in secret

      • otto man bismarck help create alliances to try and protect germanys position

      • Great britain made an alliance with japan

      • Major powers of 1914

        • Triple entente

          • France 

          • Great britian

          • Russia

        • Triple alliance

          • Austria hungary

          • Germany

          • Italy

  • Imperaislims

    • European powers developed overseas empires to strengthen their influence and economic power

      • Struggles over domain and territory (competeing with eachother)

        • Desire for reascoures 

      • Germany knows its behind and really wants to compete for land 

      • Creates conflict

        • Fashoda Crisis (1898)

          • Disputes between great britain and france in east africa over the upper nile region

        • Moroccan crisis (1905 and 1911)

          • Dispute bteween gernmany and france over control of morocco 

  • Nationalism

    • Loyalty to one’s “nation”: belief that governments should be controlled by their own people in a nation-state; placing the interests of one’s own country above the interests of other countries.

    • Nationalism in germany

      • New nation-state: nationalism led to unifications of german speaking territories in 1871

        • Unification leader: otto von bismarck (military leader who unifed german people using blood and iron

      • Goals:

        • Catchs up to toher european pwoers (create empire, strnegthen militar, build alliances fromtec from emeines

        • Punish its 1# emeny (france)

Nationalism in the balkan region

  • “Powder Keg” of europe : The balkans

    • Mountainous peninsula in southeastern europen- home to a diverse group of people

    • Rise of nationalism (1800), Increased discontent in balkan region and the greeks, serbs, bulgarians, albanians, and romanians begin seeking independence from the ottoman empire (Sick man of europe)

    • Balkanization: Fragmentation of balkan region

      • Seberia, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania

    • 1908 Annexation of bosnia and herzgoniva 

    • First balkan war (1912): balkan league defeats pttoman empire

    • Secound balkan war (1913); Bulgaria attacks serbia and greece

      • Russia back serbia; austria backs greece

      • Albania created

    • Issues ethnic diversity +problems of partitioning (sharing) balkans into states

  • Serbia 

    • Nationalism rose in serbia: serbia desired to become the center of a large slavic state

      • The slavs_ a large ethnic and lingusitic group of people in europe and asia, and their languasges

      • Pan-Slavism- Nationalist moemvent that pushed for political and culutarl unity of all slavs under russian leadership (the largest and more influential slavic country)

    • The problem 

      • Bosnia and Herzegonvina was home to a large number of ethnic slvaes; however, annexed in 1908 by the astro hungairina empire. This angered serbia

      • Serbia also desired the territory of bonsai and herzegovina 

  • “The spark”

    • Archduke Franz ferdinand, was the heir to the Austrian-hungairan throne

    • June 28 1914

      • Franz ferdinand had made a diplomatic trip to sarajevo in B-H to gian support

      • Gavrillo Princip of the Black hand (terrosrist group) assassinated the archduke

      • Austrai-hungary blamed serbia for the assassination and declare war. 

Fighting world war one

Germany Schlieffen Plan

  • Schileffen plan: germanwar plan to aviod fighting a two-front war agaisnt france and Russia at the same time

    • Desgined in 1905 by feild marshal afred von schlieffen

    • The plan required germany to invade france through neutral belgium, quickly defeat france and then invade russia

  • The plan failed. WHy?

    • Belgian resistance

    • British intervention

    • Logistcal issues

    • Poor leadership

    • Russian mobilization

    • French and british forced counter attecked at the battle of marne forcing the germans to retreat.

  • Results?

    • Stalemate along the western front

    • Germany viewed as an aggressor nation

Justifying the war: Propaganda 

  • Propaganda- A set of strategies used to manipulate or persuade people to believe or act in a certain way. It can involve using images, languages, symbols, or other forms of communications. Often relies on highly emotion and sometimes misleading information

  • During WWI it was used to..

    • Justify military actions on both sides

      • Britian claimed they enterd the war to vindicate “The pruncuple that smaller nationalites are not to be cruched by the arbitarary will on a strong and overmastering power” (Quote from GH’s prime minster asquith)

      • Germans claimed it was to project their culture and father land from the allied nations

    • Recuirt soldiers

    • Maintain civilian moral and support fro the war

    • Urge citizens to donate money to the government

    • Encourage nationaslit sentiments

    • Inspire hatred toward the enemy (Ex. American and British propaganda demonized the german army)

War fronts 1913-1918

  • Western Front- Along border of france/ Germany

  • Eastern front- Along border of Germany/ russia

  • Italian front- Along Northern Border of italy

  • Gallipoli_ The gallipoli peninsula in southern turkey

  • War at sea-Atlantic ocean near britain, france, germany 

EMpire Go to war: colonail troops

  • European empire srecuited soldeirs from colonisz in africa, indai, southeast asia, and the carbbian

  • Colonial troops contributed to the war effort on the fron lines and in various support roles (laborers, porters, engineers)

  • Many colonial soliders faced discrimination, poor supplies, and dangerous assignments

  • Many colonail soliders hoped for politcal rights or indepdence after the war but were largyly deined

  • LEgacy: Their service increased the caualty count, made the war a “World” one, and fueled natinalist movments that woudl challenge imperail rule after WWI



VOCABULARY U NEED TO FILL IN !!!!

  • Trench warfare: a type of land warfare in which opposing sides positioned themselves in long narrow ditches

  • Machine gun fire:

  • Artilliery: (large caliber guns)

  • Pickelhaube: The spiked helmet was worn in the 19th and 20th centuries by Prussian and German military officers, firefighters, and police. The pickelhaube is often used in political cartoons to symbolize Germans. 

  • Otto von bismarck

  • German Zepplin: a type of rigin airship. They were used almost from the opening of the war for getting information by flying over enemy lines far above gunnery range, sent to bond british cities

  • Bared wire: USed as a line of defense 

  • Funnel the enmey into kill zone: Bared wire was used to push the enemy into zones are frequent killings 

  • Airplane was used for survailance, Over time airplanes were equip with machine guns and other wepons. 

  • No man land” land between the trenches, extremely dangerous to cross

  • Gerqndes were used if a soilder got close to the enemy trench

  • war of attrition, a conflict in which each side tried to wear the other down by killing as many of its men as possible but otherwise making little progress.

  • WWI is considered a war of attrition

  • "Iron Youth" is an ideal picture of German youth. They are strong, resilient, and ready to take on any challenge, including battle

    • Propaganda, used to boost morale and enourcage this image of a germany soldier


 Kaiser Wilhelm II who led Germany into war.


trench foot (which killed 75,000 British soldiers alone) as well as a number of other diseases like cholera, dysentary, and typhoid fever. Many soldiers also suffered from shell shock. 

Rats were also prevalent because of the numebr of dead corpses as well as old food scraps. 

Chemical wepond; chlorine gas

Flame trhowers\



Poetry became a activity done when 


Trench warfare and limited gains:

  • Attempts to advance into enemy territory had limited gains

  • Trenches, barbed wire and machine guns Caused a statlemate

  • Tanks woud eventually overcome these challenges

  • Life for soldiers was often monotnous and unsanitary 

    • Mud filled tranches

    • Rats

    • dieases

  • When battles did occur they were horrifying with large #s of casualties

  • poison gas, falling artillery, machine guns, barbed wire

War of  Attrition

  • Slow wearing down process in whic each side tries to outlast the other by wearing down the enemies resources and moral

    • Example



  • Battle of Somme 

    • Good example of the futility of battle in WWi

    • Nearly 5 months long

    • Buritsh launched attack alonf the somme river in france to assist at verdun

      • Lives lost G

        • Germans; 500,00

        • British 400, 000

        • French 200, 000

Battle of Gallipoli 

  • The Dardanelles Campaign - The British and French aimed to know the Ottoman Empire out of WWI by seizing the Dardanelles Strait to open a supply route to Russia

    • Promoted by First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill 

    • Allied troops (British, French, ANZAC—Australian & New Zealand Army Corps) landed at Gallipoli Peninsula

    • Strong Ottoman defenses (led by Mustafa Kemal, later Atatürk) and harsh terrain made progress difficult

    • The campaign saw early attempts at purpose-built landing craft, an idea that would be refined for WWII amphibious assaults

  • Stalemate and Heavy Casualties:

    • Like the Western Front, trench warfare developed

    • Harsh conditions—heat, disease, and inadequate supplies

    • 500,000+ casualties (Allies & Ottomans combined)

  • Failure & Withdrawal:

    • Allies failed to break Ottoman lines

    • Evacuated by early 1916, seen as a major defeat for the Allies


War time technology: 

  • Airplanes, Machines guns, Artilliery, Tanks

  • Soilders came in with horses and left with airplanes

    • Airplanes used for spying at first

  • Germany “U-Boats”, Gass attacks, Barbed wire

Total war: Life beyond the battle feild

  • Countries are devoting all their rescouces towards the war effort and create war economies with the intent of destorying their enemy completely 

  • Home front was just as important as the war front

    • Proiorty given to warfare over non-combatant needs

    • All citizens participate in fighting the war (All citizens participate to contribute to the war effort)

    • All rescources and infrastructure (Including civilian- associated) legitimate military targets

WWI total war 

  • Economic Mobilization: Govts took control of industries (railways, mines, shipyards) and directed factory production toward the war effort

    • Entire sectors of economies were redirected to supply the military with food, munitions, and equipment

  • This greater gov’t economic control was a shift from laissez-faire capitalism embraced in the 19th century

  • Full mobilization of the home front - Civilians were not only indirectly involved in the war effort but also had to adjust their lives to support it. 

  • Propaganda used to encourage participation

  • Conscription (Draft)

  • Worked in factories that produced weapons

  • Homefront Sacrifices (rationing, curfews, daylight savings)

  • Fundraised for the military by buying/selling war bonds

Women IN WWI

  • As men went to fight, women filled their jobs and kept the national economies going

  • In almost every country, large numbers of women left home and domestic services to 

  • In almost every country, large numbers of women left home and domestic service to work in industry, transportation, and offices

    • Ex: By 1917, women made up 47% of the labor force in Russia

  • Women contributed to the war effort in a variety of ways: munitions workers, recruitment, selling war bonds, conserving/growing food, served as volunteers at the Red Cross and Salvation Army, served as nurses and ambulance drivers on the war front

  • Women also took on new roles on the homefront as police officers, firefighters, mail carriers, bank tellers

The Us joins the war

  • The U.S. intiailty consider WWi as a eruopean affair

  • President wodrow wilson  Had declareed the Us to be a neutral nation

  • Steps to war:

    • Us (Most industrialized nurtral nation) Supplied food, Raw materails, and weponds to both sides but dmonstrated greater support for great britian allies

      • American buisiness gae the biriths and french with loans and bonds (Around 3 billion) and if the allies were to be defeated the loans would not be repaid

    • Lusitiania sinking

    • Jaunuary 1917 british interception, decoding 

Sinking of the Lusitaina

Hisotry;

  • Since the beginning of the war, britina an df rance estblaihsed a total nvala blackade to strngle the central powers

    • No nueutral ships was allowed to sail to germany with any cargo

  • A beliff in right of Americans to travel safely on ships

Sinking of the Lusitania:

  • In early 1915, germany launched a counter blockade using the Submarine

    • Germany sank 90 ships in the british war zone

  • In may 1915, a germany submarine sank the biritsih passenger liner lusitania, which wa slaso carrying arms and munition

    • . 1,000 lives losts (128 americans0

Zimmermann Telegram

  • January of 1917- Arthur Zimmermann (German foreign minister) sent a secret telegram to the german ambassador in mexico

    • The telegram instructed the german ambassador to draw mexica into the war on germanys side

    • In return, mexico would receive the parts of southwestern United states that mexico had lost in 1848

  • The british intercepted the telegram and published it in american newspaper (To make the american public to be against germany)

“The world must be made safe for democracy”- famous speech about democracy

President woodrow Wilzon

  • Wilsion was extremely idealistic and believed that the U.S. had moral duty to promote world peace

  • He proposed his plan, The fourteen Points, in january to 1918

  • Belived that a new world order had to be constructed based on:

    • Respect for law

    • The acceptance of shared universal values

    • The development of internation organizations to promote cooperations

  • Also frimly believed in self determination or the ability of people to choose their own governments



Context:

  • Autocratic Romanovs

    • Alexander II and Nicholars II (1894)

  • Abolition of serfdom and industrailizations

  • Russififcation -> Homogenization 

    • Embrace russia and only russia (Pogroms

  • Disllusionment with industrialization

First Revolution WWI

  • Russo japanese war

  • Bloody sunday revolution

    • March on winter palace

    • Formation of soviets

  • October Manifesto: civil rights and Duma (Parliment)

  • Peasants, workers, intellectuals VS conservative order

  • 1912-1914 over 9000 worker strikes

Russia WWI failures

  • Exposed poor infrastructure and weak instrudtrializtion 

    • Ottoman made it difficult for russia to get resources

    • Russian soldiers were poorly equied and badly lead = Highest death tolls

  • Tsar Nicholas -> eastern front (1915)

    • Alexandrea (With Rasputins?) Rules (BFFS)

    • People dont like him >:(

  • By the middle of the war, many soldiers mutinied, deserted, or ignored orders

    • Not going well

March Revolution- Petrograd (Petersburg)

  • Females textile workers went on strike

  • OOther people join due to lack of bread and foods+ military defections

  • Tsar adbicates

  • Dume-. Porvincial gov

    • Alexander Kerensky

  • Making of soviets and consils

Vladminir Lenin _ leader Bolsheviks

  • Heavily influenced by Karl Marx, Ideas of Communism (Class struggle and his political goals, Wrote this)Lots of communist propaganda

    • Went to prsion and sent itno ecile

  • Opposed WWi bc it did not benefit the lower class

October Revoltuion

  • Summer 1917: Kernesky order siastrous offensive against Germans

  • October 1917: overnight coup in capital citt petersburg 9Winter palace)

  • People of the Provision government fled of was arrested

  • Withdrew from WWI

    • Treaty of brest-litovsk; unpopular but lived up to his promise (Bread Peave and something

Treaty of brest litovsk

  • Got rid of

    • 34% of population

    • 32% of agriculural land

    • 54% of industry

    • 89% of coal mines

Civil war

  • Red army v White army

    • Red Bolshivks White- provisional governt

      • Red appealed to peaseants

    • Cossacks republic

    • Forgien intervention

    • 7-12 million dead

  • Socail monility in Red army

  • Failure of War communism

    • New Economic policy after war

  • By 1921 Lenin consoidlates pwoer

  • Ukraine + russia = soviet Unions

    • Caucasus, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan

Ending of WWI: Armisitce and the paris peace confrence

  • Russia has internal problems

    • High casualite and loos of food

    • 1917 revoltuions

      • Feburary revoltuion

      • October revoltuion, gave power to Vladimir lenin

  • Lenin negotiated and russia signed the treatly of Brest thingy

  • Euoropean had domestic prblems ( upreaperd for total war and suffered significant defeats

    • Bugaira surrenders unconditionalys< forec kingferdinand to abdicate

    • Ottomans empire surreneder

    • Austro hugarian empire eginedan arnisitc with allies on novmenber

      • Many ethnic groups are seeking indepdence

  • Germans launch the massive “Spring Offensive”

    • 40 miles within paris

    • France and great britain aided by new american troops drove the germans back

    • Failed, but in a moment of good position

  • German soilders munined and citizen turned on Kaiser Wihelm II who was forced to abdicate. A gernman repbulic wimar was declared

  • Armistice (cease-fire) was signed on november 11, 1918 sign at 11am

Paris peace confrense

  • Paris, 1919,1920

  • Leader of 32 states

  • Dominated by major powers: Us, Great britain, france, italy, japan

  • Russia did not attend

    • Treay of brest litovsk with germany

  • Central powers excluded 

  • Grdudgingly allowed respresnatives from colonies

The big four

  • Prime minister of great britain: david Llyod george

  • Us president:Woodrow wilson

  • Italiam premier: vittorio orlando “Weak link”

  • French premier: georges clemenceau “The tiger”

The League of Nations

  • The Treaty of versailles created the league of nations, wilisonw as forced to concede most of the 14 points

  • Goals

    • International cooperations

    • Prevent war by reducing arms

  • Weakness 

    • Membership issue

      • US no ratifys the treat and doesnt actualty join the league

      • Russia doesnt join

      • Germany not allowed to joain right away

      • Army of its own

    • Madate system

Mandate system

  • Mandate, an authorization granted by the league of natinos to a member nation to govern a former geran or turkish colony because they were ready to rule

Sykes-Picot agreement: areas of control from allied powers

Panalislam

Panarbalism

Nationalism


Potical outcomes of WW1

  • No more german, russia, and austro hungarian

  • Creation of independent poland, Czechoslovakia, hungary, Yugoslavia

  • Bolsheivk (radical socialist revolution in russia after 1917 leading to global communist movement

  • Middle east divided by mandate system

  • Confliction promises of arab and jews regaurding palestine set the stage for an ednuring strullge

  • Soilders lose respect for mother countries


Totalaism: 

  • Government that take entire control, (centralized state control) over all aspects of public and private life

    • Opposite of a democratic government

    • State is greater  than the individual 

  • Rise of totalaism in europe

    • Many new countries 

WW1 influences on rise of totalitarian states

  • Russia, germany, italy, felt wronged by the WW1 peace treaties

  • Conept of total was introduces idea that alll individaul must sacrfice for the state and the strict government oversight is needed for victory

  • Age of anxiety

  • New nations: weak in democracy

  • Great depression, people believed that the government must step in to fix problems 

Left=communism: Power comes from workers wantign to remove social heirarhcy

  • Internationalnist goal

Right= nazism/fascim: power comes for upper middle class

  • Nationalist

They do not get along

Use or secrete police, prapanganda, suppression of the press


WW2 (gra)

  • Debatable start, hilter invading poland, invasion of china

  • Germany surrdentder may 1945

  • Japan unconditional surrender august 1945

  • Most descrutive war in hisotry 

  • Bombing and killing civilians

  • War was of movement and machiens

  • “Never again” nato

Causes of WW2:

  • Treaty of versailles cause more problems than it solve, benefited the victors and not made peace

  • Harsh debts placed og germany as well as the undermining of germany autonomy laid the ground work for hilters rise to power

  • Victors of WWI created new alliances to maintain power

  • League of Nations was an alliance of victors giants vanquished

  • Gernmany was finnicaly crippled with reparations from WWI

  • Great depression

  • Causes by

    • Stock market crash in october

    • Bank runs

    • Overproductions of productions and low demands due to por economies outside the US

  • High unemploymen

Imperial Aspiration

  • Dictators went unchecks in 1930s due to appeasement policies

  • This gave hilter, mussolini and leader of japan more free regin to act with new agression

  • Territorial expansion was viewed as a solution to economic decline 

  • Japan was the first to move on this imperial expansion by invading Manchuria in 1931



Japans invades marchuria

  • Wanted an empire to rival those western powers were creating

  • Concerns abt chinese nationalsim threatens spheres of influence in manchuir

  • Japan was also suffering from economic depression

  • Took manchuria in 1931 and etsablished manchukuo

  • League of nations were upset but were not stoping them

  • Japan leaves the league of nations

Najing massacre

  • Japan ran much of eastern chinas, 2nd japanese war

  • Wester power did not stop japan

  • Japan started alliance w italy and germany b/c imperilasr goals

  • Japanese imperial marches from shanghai capital city of naking 

  • A large # of chinese POWs and civilians were slaughtered by the japanese 

Imperail aspiration in italy and germnay 

  • Itlay invades Ethipopia 

    • Musslioni wanted to imperailize

    • Wanted revenge

Spanish civil war

  • Broke out in spain 

  • Hilter and mussolini sent troops and equipment to assist the rebel fascit leader francisco

  • Russia sent supplies to communist party

  • Britain france and soviets stayed ou =t of the conflict = signals to hilter than he would go unchecked

Appeasement

  • Diplomaitc straigity that involved making concession to an aggressive foreign power in order to avoid war

  • Western deomcracies initially did little to stop japanese, italian, and german imperial agression in n1930

  • Another war after WW1 was unthinkable

  • Appeasers were anti communist- by allowing germany to regian their strength they were creating a buffer state between the rest of W. Europe and soviet union 

  • Hilter took advantage og this tolerant attitude to advance his ambition in germany

Lebensraum

  • Hilter wanted more living space for ayrans

  • Bleieved he needed more room for his growing population

Germna expansion

  • Hitler took austria with little response from the west

  • Hilter set his eyes on sudetenland in czechoslovakia due to their large germany population

  • Munich agreement

    • Gave his the sudetenland (Appeasement)

War is finally declared

  • Germany violated the Munich agreement by occupying Czechoslvakia

Axis pwoers: germany italy japan

Allied powers: great britain, US, soviet union, China, france and belgium were members but invaded


Nazi soviet pact

  • Hitler signed pact w his enemy (stalin)

  • Agreed not to fight eachother

  • Based on need not respects

  • Hitler fear communism, stalin feared fascism

  • Hitler did not want a two front war with soviet union and the western domicraices

  • This gover hitler time to take out western europe b4 soivets

Hitler Uses blitzkrieg in poland

  • Lightning warfare: use of tank and airpower technology to strike

Hilter invades france

  • Germany forced surpised france by attack trhough ardeenes forest in belgium

  • Dunkirk beaches where british troops were save as they were trapped between germnay forces and enlgihs channel

  • Ffrance surrender in under a motn

  • Divied into 3 zone, german occupied 

Operation sea lion

  • Taking over britain

  • Winston churchill would not surrender to germany

  • For a moth britain royal air force fought germnats luftwaffe. British 

Winston chruchill

  • After it was clear that neville chamberlain would be unabelt o leave britain effectively through WW2, he resgined 

  • Increased moral from britian

Germnay invades soviet union

  • Broke the pact

  • Made to pact operation barbaroossa

  • Hilter wanted

    • Natural resources of the soviet union

    • Fertile farmland

    • Cruch communism

    • Defeat stalin

  • Blitzkrig

  • Took stlaing by surprise

US enters WW2

  • After Pearl harbor attack

  • Taken by surprise 

  • Japanese bomb pearl harbor in hawaii

Atlantic harter

  • Chruch hill and roosevelt public annoced their polices in the atlantic harter 9b4 the us joins the war) like the 14 points

  • Later signed by all alied nations

  • The charter wasnt leagally binding but it sows all allied nation agree

Pacfic front

  • Japans continued to expand their empire

Stopping japanese ecpanion

  • Island hoping, battle of midway coral sea

  • ‘

The atomic bomb

  • Manhattan project

  • Originally intended use on germany now 

  • Hiroshima and the the other MB

WW2 Peave plans

  • Atlantic charter servaed as inspiration

  • Yalta conference

    • Big three roosevel stalin churchill

  • Potsdam conference


Genocide: Geno = race, Cide = killing

  • Purposely Killing entire/whole raciall, ethnic, naitonal, or religous groups

    • Purposly killing or stoping births from a certain group of ppl

  • Pyramid of hate

    • Bias -> predujuice -> Discrimination -> bias motivated violence -> genocide

Armenian Genocide

  • Arenians were christains in a maily muslim ottoman empire

  • Lived pretty peacefully (jizya and tension exceptiong)

  • Ottoman leader concerned that aremans would side w russia so they started a systematic genocide

  • 1.5 million armenians were killed in arpil 1915 

  • Today turkury does not ackowldge this as a genocide. ( saying other factors lead to their deaths not systematic racial or religious killings)

The holocaust (primarly refrenced)


Unit 8 global cooperations or global conflict. 

Post WWII

Bretton woods ocnfrence 

  • Who: 730 delegates and finaces ecpoert represting all the allied nations

  • Whats: Meeting to make rules and institution the would keep the global economy running smoothly

    • World bank

  • When: Near the end of WW2 1944 jully

  • Where:

  • Why: Ti prevent a 2nd period of economic chasos, similar to what occured between WW1 and ww2; to avoid a period of protectionism (economci nationalsin) and depression and stimulate economci growth in poorer 

Global free trade agreements

  • US + 100 other countries singed the General agreement on tariffs and trades (GATT GYATT) a pact to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers

  • World trade organizations (WTO) formed to replaces GATT to open trade for the benefit of all 98% of all countries participate

The united nations- basics

  • U.N - orgnaization degined to promote peace and coorperation between nation of the world, ensure WW3 does not happen

  • Goals

    • Maintain internatiol peace +security

    • Prodivde humanitarian aid

    • Promote sustainable development

    • Protect human rights

    • Uohold internaitonal law

  • Hisotry- 40+ years in the making

    • WW! League of nations WW2 atlantic charter

    • 1945, 51 nation met to draft the chart

  • Members -193 nations

  • Leadership0 secretary general

    • Present antonio guterres

  • Loactions, NYC where is your picture im going with oyu

Additionals U.N Organizations

  • Econmic and socail council

    • WHO world health organizations

  • Internaitonal court of justice

Universal declartions of humans rights

  • After WW2 atorcities leaders Un leaders decided to complement the Un charter with a documen that guarantees the rights of every indivdual everywhere

  • Adopted by the Un general assembly on december 10, 1948 all member nations of hte UN must agree to follow these guidlines

  • Not legally binding byt rather a puts poltical and moral pressure on countries that do not follow. 

Un security council

  • 15 members

    • 5 permanemnets members

      • WW2 allies; US, frances, Russia, chian, great britain

      • Permanemnet meber always allowed to veto

    • Temporary member 10

      • Elected by the general assembly and change very two years

  • Respobsibilities

    • Maintaine internaiotn peace and security

    • Crisis management (civil wars, natrual disators terrorism

    • Peacing keeping missions (blue helmets)

  • Empowered to impose Binding obligations on U.N. Members nations

Decision making 

  • Major decisions are out to a vote in the security council

    • Will pass by receiving 9 “yes” votes and no veto from any permanent members

  • If a member nation fails to follow a security council resolution,

Creation of israel (1947) newly independent states

Balfour declarations: issued by britians and palestine should be a permanent home for jews of europe> those that support a jewish homeland were known as zionist. 

Palestine and israel

  • Allied won WW1 and the dissolution of the ottoman empire, large numbers of european jews moved to palestine which was controlled by the british due to the Sykes-picot agreement and the legacy of the mandate system

  • Areas competing interest nationalist movement from fews and arabs

  • Truman administrations approved independent jewish state in palestine after the disociver 

  • Arabs refused to recognize the exsitance of israel

  • Israel declared their independence- briing on war (arab-israeli war

    • 5 arabds invaded 

    • Year of ifghts b4 cease fure

    • 700,000 palestinians are expelled or fled during this ime beconing refurgees

  • Israel formalyl recognized may 15 1949

Tensions during/after ww2

  • Church hill roosevelt and stalin ment about how to end the war and terriorila changes 

  • Often disagreed baout what to do w central europe after the war (espically gernmany and poland)

    • Stalin was adamant about keeping polish land promised to the soviets in the nazi soviet pact

    • Soviet put commnuit in poland

  • Met in february at yalta (ukraine)

    • Cretaed united nations 

    • Soviet participation in fight japanese 

    • Aones of allied occupation of germany austria

Stalin ignore the Yalta agreement

  • Ingored the agreement and installed or secured communist government in albania, bulgaria, hungary, czechoslovakia, romania, poland, and yugoslavic

  • Potsdam conference/??

Cold war: united states and the soviet union fightung against. Now two new super powers, disturested eachother. Cold war entangled with decolonization indepdence. Dominate internation politics

Decolonization: colonies fighting for independence, non aligned movement not to be biased or side w russia and america. Need for resources brought conflicts

Proxy war: two major power indirectly support eachother

Angolan civil war: a portugues colony? Used forced labor for resources. Brutal colonail rule, nationalist movents rose. 

Sides of conflict: one (secretely) supported by the Us and one (seceretly) supported by the soviet union

Result: grahhhhh

Cold war:

Capitalist vs communist

:Miltiary, politcal and economic competitions between the US and USSR from 1945 until 1991.

It was cold b/c there was no direct fighting. 

US-Soviet relations

  • Us sent troops to fight bolsheviks in the russian revoltuion

  • Saw Us and soivet union did not see eye to eye during WWII

    • Like b4 yk yk

Causes: ideological differences

  • Capalistism VS communism

  • US believes everyone should be cap while russia believes everyone should be communism

  • US sees that everyone should have rights while the soviet union does not

Nuclea Arms race

  • After WW2 boht US and USSR wanted to be militarliy superior whihc led to an arms race trying to deveop and stockpile nuclear weponds

  • US first developed (Hisroshima and nagasaki)

  • Soviets felt threanted and accelerated their nuclear program and sucessfully tested it frist bomb

  • This deveoplemt ended the US monopoly on neclear weapon and intensifed the rivalry between them. 


:Soviet builds a buffer

  • Soveits control Eastern European countries after WW2 and Stalin install communist governmnets, IN these countries. Called Satellite nations

  • Truman argues for free elections

  • 1949 Stalin state capitalism and communism cannot coexist. 

The Iron cutrian:

  • Iron curtain divides europes into the soviet influences or the US influences. 

US tries to contain Soviets

  • Containment- The policy preventing communsit expansion into free countries

  • Truman doctrin (1947)

    • Us supports countries that does not accept communism and lead to two types of foreign policies

      • Economic

      • Military

    • Congress approves trumans request for aid to greece turkey. 

  • The marshal Plan

    • Much of western europe lay destroyed after WW2

    • The marshall plan (European recovery program)

      • George marshall (proposed by ULS secretary state)

      • Funded food marchinary and other materials to rebuilds. Strengthen alliances with post WW2 europea (12 billion dollars

      • Passed by congress in march 1948

      • Aid offered to all nations in europe, but soviet control of east europe and onset of cold war Limited particpation to western european nations

        • Soviet makes thier own plant byt does not work

      • Concersn over rpaidalt deteriorating european economics and rising communist threat

      • Created resurgence in european industrialization, repaired infrastructure and stimulated the maeircan economy but marketing US goods. 

      • Great britain and france received the most 

Germnay: center of conflict

Germnay Divided

  • After surrender in WW2, gernmany was divided into 4 zone of allied military occupations (american, frnech, british and soviet)

  • The captail city berlin was divided by these lines But berlin itself remained in the soviet zone

    • Berlin war

Belrlin airlift

  • In 1948 french british and american zones merged to from west germany and it became a stable western democracy

  • Soviets oppose this and stop land water traffic into wester berlin (hostage situation

  • West berin faced starvations

  • From june 1948 to may 1949 Us and Britain fly in 2.3 million tons of cargo; food, fuel, medicine, and christmas gifts ← (moral booster)

    • Operation vittles

  • After 11 months 200,00 flights the soviet union lifted the blackade

Candy bomber

Super powers from rival alliances: collective security agreements

Nato:

  • Founded by US and western allies

  • Goal: to prevent the spread of communism and protect each other

  • Article 5- An attack on one member is considered an attack on all 

  • Still exists

Warsaw pact

  • Founded by soivet union and eastern blocl

  • A counter- alliance to Nato, ensuring soviet control over eastern europea (USSR control military and politcal descision)

  • Disbanded in 1991

Non- alignment

  • The Non-aligned movemnt was a coalition of countries that sought to remain independent from the influence of both US and the soviet union during the cold war

    • Connected to decolonization

  • Aimed to avoid direct alignment with either the western block (US) ir the eastern bloc (USSR)

  • Opposed military alliances like anto and the warswa pact

  • Promoted a forgein polcu based on neitraility, peace, and cooperation




Chinese communist revoltuion 8.4 Part of ciruculum. 

Caues + consequences 

As a result of internal tension, japanese tension chinese communist r able to take power

Movements to resitribute land (economic resources)

Great leap forward- Often implementing regressive policies w negative repercussions for the populations

Government controled national economy w the great leap forward


Communism takes hold in china

  • A lot later in china than russia

  • 1921 small chinese communist party (CCP) - initial at organizing the countries working class

  • The party grew and transofremd their strategy found a leader, mao zedong, -fought japanese and emerged in 1949 as rulers of china

Collapse of the Qing

  • Ended in 1911, ended 2000 years of chinese imperial ruel

  • Yuan shikai-formated the collapsed and declared himself emperor until he died

  • Chinas rule passed to warlords

  • Provincials armies had power in the countryside

  • Lower tax collections, many taxes being skimmed of by corrupt officals

  • Allied powers had china to delcare war on germany

  • China sent battalions to assist the allies

  • Got little w the paris peace confrence

  • Japanese for chinese terriorty were granted however w bitterness

  • Yat sen emerged as the leader to unify china

  • Established the (Guomindang) nationalist party which governed chinas after 1928

  • After his death replaced Chiang Kai-Shek who tried but failed to unify China under central authority. 

Video notes

  • Most revolutions b4 were liberal (american) social = hatian

  • Chinese peasants suffered the most

  • Wuchang uprising (poltical structure)

    • Army and middle class not successful

  • G/kauomindang (nationalist party) and communsit party

    • Worked together while fighting japan

  • Chinese communist revolution 

  • Happened b/c peasant rebelions (continuity peasant rebelions)

  • Guomindang wasnt unifing nor appealing to peasants,

  • People's republic of china

  • Decolonization

  • Vietnam- supported of the communist revolution

  • (sucess) They were able implenment their policies (himan development indicators) -health services, educations, job skills, equalitys

    • Women were given role in rosivety they did not have b/4

    • Poor were given property

  • (failure) millions of people - during land reforms


Tensions with the soviets

  • Primanry the soviet union support the growth of the chinese communist party

  • Both had diff visions of communism

  • Soviets mocked the chinese for failed economic and agricultural projects

  • Khrushchev who replaced stalin after his death was not a fan of Mao polices or methods

  • In 1960 the soiveits withdrew their advisers who had brought blueprints for constricutions projects

  • Conflicting terrirty claims

  • Alsmots looked like a war between china and USSR b4 they made a truce

Ending the Maoist Era

  • Mao died in 1976

  • The CCP gradually abandonded almost everything that had been associated with maoist communism

  • Deng Xiaoping Emerged as chinas “paramount leader”

  • Deng was practical, effecient, and much less harcore than mao

  • People were relieved

  • Cimminted to ending the periodic upehals of the maoist era while fostering political stablity and econmic growwth

  • Gave more economic freedom but not politcal freedom

China under Xiaoping

  • Banned plays, operas, flaims and books were exposed the suffering of the cultural revoltuions

  • Mao was criticized for the failing of the great leap forward and the cultural revolution, but still praised as a revolutionary leader

  • 100,000 political prisoners, many high ranking communist, were relased and resotred to positions in the government

  • Deng had good economic reforms

  • Huge economic growth under xiaoping - most rapid and sustained in history 

Chinas economy grows

  • Economic reforms coasts

    • Massive corruption amoung chinese officals

    • Sharp ineqaulities

    • Urban overcrowing

    • Terrible pollution

    • Peridoidc inflations

    • Street crime

  • Economic reform benefits

    • Better diets lower motailitsy rates delineing poverty massive urban construction surging exports

Essentiallyl a capitalist economy had been restored by the communist part

Capitalist reforms - Still authoritarian

  • The party was willing to abandon communist economic polices, but unwilling to give up political control or promote democracy

  • When a democracy movement spearheaded by univeristy and secondary school students surfaced in the late 198-s, deng order the brutal crush of the movement. Many ppl saw

  • Outside world was horrified

  • Much of the global good will gained from dengs feroms vanished overnight

  • The government arrested leader of pro deomcract, many were executed

  • Wanted to stoop future rebellions by sneding military students to military training

  • Rejected gorbachevs reforms. In the soviet unions (were opening the soviets to more freedom and information from the west)

Censorship in china

  • Communist party forbids discussion of the tiananmen square protest and has taken measure to block or censor information

  • Textbooks have little to no information about the protest

  • (Cenorship increases after ianamen square)

After communism in china

  • Communist party still governs chinas, communist values have been replaced by western styles

DOmio theory

  • Forigne policy belief that if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would also fall like domios

  • Oropsed by dwight r eisenhower

  • Used to justify us intervention

Proxy wars

  • Two majors powers supported opposites in a smaller conflicts, fighting them indirectly ( US and soviet Union) 

    • Korean war

    • Vietnam war

    • Soviet afghan war

MAD

  • Mutually Assured destruction: if one superpower launched a nuclear attack, the other would retaliate with full forced leading to the destruction of both sides

  • Threat of total annihilations prevented either side from using nuclear weapons

  • MAD kept the cold war cold despite. 

Space race during cold war.