Metabolism STUDENT 2023

Metabolism

  • Focused on General Nutrition

Learning Outcomes to NCLEX Blueprint

  • Nutritional Assessment: Includes diet history, physical assessment, anthropometric data, and diagnostic data.

  • Influencing Factors: Discuss factors affecting adults’ dietary patterns.

  • Healthy Nutrition Guidelines: Discuss guidelines to promote healthy nutrition.

  • Vitamins and Minerals: Describe sources, functions, and recommended dietary allowances.

  • Psychosocial & Cultural Factors: Identify factors affecting nutrition.

  • Nursing Diagnoses: Identify priority nursing diagnoses for patients with nutritional alterations.

  • Nursing Process: Apply nursing process to care for patients with nutritional needs.

  • Therapeutic Diets: Differentiate therapeutic diets (e.g., pureed, soft, NPO) based on patient needs.

  • Core Areas: Focus areas include physiological adaptation, management of care, health promotion, risk reduction, basic care, and psychosocial integrity.

Principles of Nutrition

  • Nutrients Defined: Biochemical substances required for growth, development, activity, reproduction, lactation, health maintenance, and recovery.

  • Classes: Divided into Essential and Nonessential nutrients.

Energy

  • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): Amount of energy expended while at rest.

  • Resting Energy Expenditure (REE): Total energy expenditure at rest.

  • Energy Requirements: Determined by food intake (kcal).

Classes of Nutrients

  • Carbohydrates (CHO)

  • Proteins

  • Fats

  • Vitamins

  • Minerals

  • Water

Nutrients

  • Energy Nutrients:

    • Carbohydrates

    • Proteins

    • Fats

    • Lipids

    • Cholesterol

  • Energy Content: Specifying kilocalories per gram of each nutrient.

Regulatory Nutrients

  • Vitamins

  • Minerals

  • Water

Vitamins & Minerals

  • Vitamin A: Prevents eye issues, supports immune system, skin health.

  • Vitamin C: Aids collagen formation, healing, healthy bones/teeth, iron absorption.

  • Vitamin D: Strengthens bones, facilitates calcium absorption.

  • Vitamin E: Ensures skin health, maintains RBC health.

  • Vitamin B12: Essential for nerve cell function.

Dietary Guidelines

  • Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI's): Standards for nutrient intake.

  • Recommended Dietary Allowance: Guidelines for average daily intake.

  • Food Labeling: Daily Values for understanding nutritional content.

  • Choose MyPlate.gov: Resource for balanced dietary guidelines.

Food Groups (Choose MyPlate.gov)

  • Fruits

  • Grains

  • Vegetables

  • Protein

  • Dairy

Food Labels

  • Food Labels Video: Educational resource on understanding food labels.

Factors Affecting Nutrition

  • Food Intake: Overall intake levels and types of food consumed.

  • Physiological & Physical Factors: Health status, disabilities, etc.

  • Sociocultural & Psychosocial Factors: Influence of culture, social interactions, and psychology.

  • Vitamin Intake: Assessing sources through food or supplements.

Nursing Process - Assessment

  • Screening: Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA).

  • Anthropometric Measurements: Height, weight, BMI, waist circumference.

  • Laboratory & Biochemical Tests:

    • Albumin: 3.5 - 5.0 g/dl

    • Pre-Albumin: 15 - 36 mg/dl

    • Transferrin: 200 - 350 mg/dl

  • Health History: Nursing assessment questions to guide evaluations.

Physical Assessment - Nutritional Status

  • Indicators of Malnutrition: Terms like dysphagia, listless, anorexia, cachectic.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

  • Formula: Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.

  • Conversions:

    • 1 kg = 2.2 lbs

    • 1 m = 39.37 inches

Example Calculation of BMI

  • Patient Example: Height 5ft 6in and weight 170 lbs.

    • Height conversion: 5ft x 12 + 6 = 66 in; Converted to meters: 66 in / 39.37 = 1.68 m.

    • Weight conversion: 170 lbs / 2.2 kg = 77.27 kg.

    • BMI Calculation: 77.27 kg / (1.68 m)² = 27.4.

Nursing Process - Diagnosing

  • Imbalanced Nutrition: Engage in concepts related to metabolism and various medical diagnoses.

Nursing Process - Planning & Implementation

  • Goals & Outcomes: Establish goals for improving nutrition.

  • Patient Teaching: Teach meal planning and choices.

  • Feeding Assistance: Offer support with feeding when necessary.

Nursing Goal

  • Expected Improvement in Metabolism: Patients should demonstrate improvements in nutritional status.

Nursing Interventions

  • Promoting Nutrition Factors: Address issues like loss of appetite, mobility, social isolation, and ensure safety in food handling.

  • Older Adult Considerations: Address nutritional needs affected by aging and low income options.

Types of Therapeutic Diets

  • Diet Variations: Clear liquid, full liquid, pureed, and soft diets.

  • Additional Diets: NPO, diabetic diets, low sodium, low cholesterol, and high fiber.

Nutrition Sources

  • Methods of Nutritional Intake:

    • By Mouth: Regular feeding.

    • Enteral: Nutritional support via feeding tubes.

    • Parenteral: Nutritional support through IV solutions.

Summary

  • Roles of the Nurse: Assess nutritional status and needs, promote nutrition, and teach patients to maintain or improve nutritional intake.