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Confederate States of America (CSA) → Government formed by 11 southern states that seceded to protect slavery and state sovereignty
Cornerstone Speech → Alexander Stephens’ speech stating slavery and white supremacy were the foundation of the Confederacy
Jefferson Davis → President of the Confederate States of America
Fort Sumter → First armed conflict of the Civil War (April 1861)
Anaconda Plan → Union strategy to blockade the South and control the Mississippi River
King Cotton Diplomacy → Confederate strategy to gain foreign recognition by leveraging cotton exports
Contrabands → Escaped enslaved people considered enemy property by the Union
First Battle of Bull Run → First major battle; showed the war would not be short
Battle of Antietam → Bloodiest single day of the war; led to Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation → Freed slaves in Confederate-held territory
Battle of Gettysburg → Turning point of the war; Lee’s last invasion of the North
Gettysburg Address → Lincoln redefined the war as a fight for democracy and equality
Siege of Vicksburg → Union gained control of the Mississippi River
Total War → Strategy targeting civilian infrastructure to destroy enemy morale
Sherman’s March to the Sea → Total war campaign destroying the Southern heartland
Appomattox Court House → Site of Lee’s surrender to Grant
13th Amendment → Abolished slavery
10% Plan → Lincoln’s lenient Reconstruction plan
Wade-Davis Bill → Radical Republican Reconstruction plan (pocket vetoed)
Freedmen’s Bureau → Federal agency aiding formerly enslaved people
Black Codes → Southern laws restricting African American freedom
Sharecropping → Labor system trapping farmers in debt
14th Amendment → Citizenship and equal protection
15th Amendment → Voting rights regardless of race
Ku Klux Klan → White supremacist terrorist organization
Force Acts → Laws allowing federal suppression of KKK violence
Redeemers → Southern Democrats who dismantled Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877 → Ended Reconstruction by removing federal troops

2⃣ Civil War & Reconstruction Timeline

1860 – Lincoln elected
1860–61 – Southern states secede
April 1861 – Fort Sumter
July 1861 – First Battle of Bull Run
Sept 1862 – Battle of Antietam
Jan 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation
July 1863 – Gettysburg & Vicksburg
1864 – Sherman captures Atlanta; Election of 1864
April 1865 – Lee surrenders at Appomattox
April 1865 – Lincoln assassinated
1865 – 13th Amendment ratified
1865–66 – Black Codes enacted
1866 – Radical Republicans win Congress
1867 – Reconstruction Acts
1868 – 14th Amendment ratified
1870 – 15th Amendment ratified
1870–71 – Force Acts & KKK Act
1875 – Civil Rights Act passed
1876 – Disputed election
1877 – Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction

3⃣ Test Review Sheet (1–2 Pages Condensed)

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR

  • Slavery expansion

  • States’ rights (primarily over slavery)

  • Election of Lincoln

CONFEDERACY

  • States’ rights government

  • Slavery explicitly protected

  • Jefferson Davis president

UNION STRATEGY

  • Anaconda Plan

  • Total war

  • Destroy Confederate economy and morale

TURNING POINTS

  • Antietam → Emancipation Proclamation

  • Gettysburg & Vicksburg → Union momentum

END OF WAR

  • Sherman’s March

  • Appomattox surrender

  • 13th Amendment

RECONSTRUCTION GOALS

  • Rebuild South

  • Integrate freedpeople

  • Prevent Confederate resurgence

RECONSTRUCTION FAILURES

  • Black Codes

  • Sharecropping & debt peonage

  • KKK violence

  • Northern fatigue

END OF RECONSTRUCTION

  • Compromise of 1877

  • Federal troops withdrawn

  • Rise of Jim Crow