What is one of the purposes of breeding inbred mice for genetic studies?

• To reduce variation between individuals

When was the sequencing of the mouse genome completed?

• 2002

What was the Tuskegee syphilis experiment?

• An unethical experiment that lasted for over 40 years, withholding syphilis treatment from African American participants

What did the establishment of the Belmont Report in 1979 lead to?

• Ethical guidelines and federal regulations concerning human subject research

What are the three fundamental principles that researchers must follow in conducting biomedical or behavioral research?

• Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

What does "respect for persons" mean in the context of research?

• Obtaining informed consent and allowing individuals to withdraw from the study

Which authorities oversee the operations of the IRB in the United States?

• The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

What is the purpose of conducting retrospective studies?

• To analyze outbreaks of a disease that have already occured

Which animal model is commonly used in immunology research and drug discovery due to its transparency and ease of genetic manipulation?

• Zebrafish

Which invertebrate model is used for studying the melanization response to bacterial infection?

• Galleria mellonella

What is the limitation of using caenorhabditis elegans as an invertebrate model for studying infectious diseases?

• Lack of adaptive immunity

What does LD50 refer to in the context of studying bacterial infection?

• Lethal dose required to kill 50% of the test population

Which method can be used to study the relative virulence of different bacterial strains?

• Competition assays

What is the purpose of survival curve analysis in studying bacterial virulence in animal models?

• To monitor the survival rates of infected animals over time

How is the competitive index (CI) calculated in a competition assay?

• By dividing the number of mutant colony-forming units (CFUs) by the number of wild-type CFUs in the output

What statistical analysis is commonly used to analyze survival curve data?

• Kaplan-Meier analysis with a log-rank test

How is the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) in tissue samples determined?

• By counting the number of viable bacteria represented by single colonies on agar plates

Which type of cells have a limited lifespan and can typically only be cultured for a brief period of time?

• Primary cells

What does each plaque represent in a plaque assay?

• A cluster of infected cells

Which staining technique can distinguish between intra- and extracellular bacteria?

• Differential staining using antibodies

What is the role of gentamicin in the gentamicin protection assay?

• To kill extracellular bacteria

What does the gentamicin protection assay measure?

• The adhesion and invasion frequencies of bacteria in mammalian cells

What is the accountable range for CFU determination on round plates?

• Between 20 and 200 colonies

How is the concentration of CFUs per milliliter calculated in flask?

• By multiplying the number of CFUs by the dilution factor and dividing by the volume of culture plate

If a plate with a 100-fold dilution (100x) yields 20 colonies, and the volume of culture plated is 0.1 mL, what is the concentration of CFUs per milliliter in the original bacterial culture?

• 100 × 20 = 2000/0.1 = 20,000 CFUs/mL

If a plate with a 100-fold (100x) dilution yields 150 colonies, and the volume of culture plated is 0.01 mL, what is the concentration of CFUs per milliliter in the original bacterial culture?

• 100 × 150 = 15000/0.01 = 1,500,000