Periodic table:

Actinides: A special block metallic elements with atomic numbers 89-103

Alkali metals: Group 1 elements

Alkaline earth metals: Group 2 elements

allotropes: forms of the same element that have different molecular structures and therefore different properties

atomic number: the number of protons in an atom

atoms: the particles that make up all materials; the smallest part of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction

electron configuration: arrangements of electrons in electron shells

electron shells: also known as energy levels; the regions surrounding the nucleus where electrons may be found

element: a substance composed of atoms with the same atomic number; 119 are known to exist

fluoresce: to absorb UV light and re-emit light that is visible

ground state: the lowest energy arrangement of an atom’s electrons in energy levels

groups: also known as family; vertical columns of period tables

halogens: group 17 elements

indirect evidence: evidence that does not involve direct observation

nobles gases: inert gases; known for their stability (non-reactivity), group 18

isotopes: atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons

lanthanides: a special block of metallic elements with atomic numbers 57-71

mass number: the weight and number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

nucleus: the heavy core at the center of an atom, made of protons and neutrons

organic: describes a compound that is or was a part of a living thing; containing carbon.

organic molecules: molecules that have a skeleton of carbon atoms

periodic table: a list of all the known elements, arranged in order of increasing atomic number.

periods: series; horizontal rows of the periodic table

transition metals: a special block of metallic elements covering elements in groups 3-12.

2n^2: max number of electrons

metalloids: a chemical element that forms a simple substance having properties intermediate between those of a typical metal and a typical nonmetal. Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium, Astatine '

Reactive nonmetals: Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Flourine, Phosphorous, Sulfur, Chlorine, Selenium, Bromine, Iodine

Chemical reactions:

acid: a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water

agitation: stirring

alkaline: describes the solution made when a base is dissolved

anion: a negatively charged ion

balanced equation: a formula equation that has the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation

base: a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water

biofuel: renewable fuel made from the fermentation of organic materials such as potato and grains

biodiesel: renewable fuel made from plant-based or animal-based fatty acids

catalyst: a chemical that helps to speed up a chemical reaction but is not used up by the reaction

cation: a positively charged ion

caustic: the term given to corrosive bases

chemical equation: a short-hand notation that scientists use to communicate what happens during a chemical reaction

chemical potential energy: energy that is stored in molecules

combination reaction: occurs when two reactants combine to form a single product

combustion: a chemical reaction in which a substance burns in oxygen gas to produce light and heat

concentration: the amount of a chemical in a certain volume of liquid gas

corrosion: a chemical reaction in which a metal reacts with oxygen to produce a metal oxide but does not produce significant amounts of heat and light

Decomposition reaction: A chemical reaction in which one reactant breaks apart into two or more products

endothermic: describes a physical or chemical process that absorbs energy

enzyme: a biological catalyst

exothermic: describes a physical or chemical process that produces energy in the form of heat and light

formula equation: a chemical equation in which the reactants and products are identified by their chemical formulas

hydrocarbon: all substances made out of just hydrogen and carbon atoms; commonly used as fuels

incomplete combustion: combustion that occurs in an environment with limited supply of oxygen

insoluble: does not dissolve

ion: an atom that has gained or lost an electron and became electrically charged.

ionic compound: a substance made up of positive and negative ions

neutral: neither acidic nor basic

polyatomic: having many atoms

precipitate: the insoluble product of a precipitation reaction

precipitation reaction: when two clear solutions react to produce an insoluble solid.

product: a substance produced by a chemical reaction

rate of reaction: how fast a chemical reaction proceeds

reactant: the initial substance of a chemical reaction

respiration: an exothermic chemical reaction that takes place in the cells of living things. Sugar + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

salt: ionic compound formed by the chemical reaction of an acid with another element or compound

soluble: able to dissolve

word equation: a chemical equation in which the reactants and products are identified by their chemical names.

Factors of reaction rates: temperature, concentration, agitation, surface area of reactants, catalysts, enzymes,

binary compounds: chemical compounds comprised of two distinct elements

polyatomic ion: an ion made from a charged group of bonded atoms consisting of more than one element.

Reactive series of metals and elements:

Naming conventions:

Binary compounds:

1. Write name of metal

2. Write name of nonmetal, changing the ending to -ide.

Polyatomic ion:

1. identify. Polyatomic ions contain more then two letters

2. Written after the metal (except for NH4+ - Ammonia)

3. Name of metal ion and then name of memorised polyatomic ion.