Mishna Gimmel - Hey

Mishnah Gimmel

What is a big city? As long as there are 10 batlanim (people who sit and learn/daven).

Less than that is not a big city and is a village. When it comes to celebrating purim we make early and not late. But there are some other things that we don't:

The families that would donate the wood to the beis hamikdash, if it falls out on Shabbos - they would push it off until Sunday. So that they wouldn't take away the 'right' of other families. They would also bring a korban na7 ably Tisha Ba'av - we push it off - we don't want to bring mourning earlier. (besides for Taanis Esther - this is not a tzom of tzarah, it's a day of tefillah)

Chagigah - sukkos/shavuos/pesach - we need to bring a shlomim - if it falls out on Shabbos, we bring it later. The requirement only starts on Shabbos.

Hakhel - sukkos of year after shemittah, night after the first day of sukkos - the king reads from the torah to everyone - this event can't happen on Shabbos - you push it off. You can't build a bimah on Shabbos, Also, the kids should be there too, but you can't carry on Shabbos. They would also blow trumpets.

Even though we said that we make it earlier and not later - The day is not actually purim - they're just allowed to read the megillah and give matanos l'evyonim.

R Yehudah said - when does this apply for the villages? Only for places that actually go into the big cities - if not, they can't read it earlier.

Mishnah Daled

During the time of the Mishnah - there was not set calendar yet. The chachamim would sometimes have to add in an extra Adar - this doesn't happen now as we have the calendar in advance and therefore know when it's going to happen.

The Mishna discusses the case, what happens if you leined megillah on Adar 1 but then the chachamim add in a second Adar. Do you need to read again?

We do need to read it again as we're supposed to have the signa of purim as close as possible to Pesach as the redemptions are related. We also do matanot l'evyonim again.

The Mishna continues, we don't have do mishteh again or mishloach manot if you did it already on the first adar.

What we're not allowed to do on Adar 1 in a leap year is fast and have hespedim. The Mishna now goes through multiple similar cases of ja |'x.

Mishna Hey

There is no difference between Yom Tov Shabbs besides, ochel nefesh - doing melecha for the sake of food. There is a machloket between hillel and shamai about whether you can only use it specifically for food, or if once you're allowed to do it because of the food, you can do it for other things as well. (ie: giving a kid a bath with hot water).

There's no difference between Shabbos and yom kippur besides for, the punishment for Shabbos is done through person (beit din). If you desecrate Yom Kippur - you get an.

The Mishna is only discussing the difference regarding punishment. There are obviously other differences regarding what one cannot do on Yom Kippur/Shabbos. The punishment for breaking Shabbos is skilla The punishment for breaking Yom Kippur is cheret which is a spiritual cut off and early death. If the desecration was done before witnesses, he get makot which are lashes and therf he is absolved from cheret

There are no differences between sefer torah and tefillin and mezuzot. You can write the sefer torah in any language and you fulfill the mitzvah of writing a sefer torah, but tefillin and mezuzah, you can only do with lashon kodesh (the torah was written to learn from, but the others is the purpose is to have them. R' Shimon Gamliel argues that it's not ok in any language, the torah is only allowed to translate it into Greek, because it's - the original Greek language was considered the most beautiful. At our time (from the time of Rabbi Barternura), the Greek we have is not the original Greek and therefore, we don't hold by this and only use Hebrew.

There is no difference about how the parchment is sown together.

Ktav Ivir and ktav Ashuri