2.10 - 2.18

2.10  Black Pride, Identity, and the Question of Naming

how changing demographics and popular debates about African Americans’ identity influenced  the terms they used to identify themselves in the nineteenth century and beyond.

• The American Colonization Society was founded during the same era by white leaders seeking to exile the growing free Black population to Africa. In response, many Black people emphasized their American identity by rejecting the term “African,” the most common term for people of African descent in the United States until the late 1820s. 

• From the nineteenth century onward, African Americans described themselves through a range of ethnonyms (names of ethnic groups, racial groups, and nationalities), such as AfroAmerican, African American, and Black.

•  After the United States banned international slave trading in 1808, the percentage of African-born people in the African American population declined (despite the importation of enslaved Africans continuing illegally). 

2.11 The Stono Rebellion + Fort Mose 

a

• Founded in 1565, St. Augustine was the oldest continuously occupied sanctuary, otherwise known as Fort Mose. first  free black town. 

• In the 1600's, enslaved refugees escaped Georgia + the Carolinas fleeing to St.Augustine Offered freedom to those enslaved peoples who converted to Catholicism. 

• In 1738, Francisco Menedez was an enslaved Senegambian who fought against the english. Who was the governor of Spanish Florida who held their fortified leadership under him. 

• Refuging in St. Augustine 

B 

• Stono Rebellion 

• Jemmy, an enslaved man from angola who led nearly 100 enslaved African Americans setting fires to plantations + marched up over the stono banks and towards the sanctuary in Spanish Florida. 

• Many other enslaved participants were form the Kingdom of Kongo + portuguese speakers who became familiar with Catholicism 

• The response of the Stono Rebellions led to the British provinces of South Carolina's passing restrictive codes in 1740. Later British colonial forces invaded Florida, seizing +destroying Fort Mose. 

Topic 2.12 

Legacies of the Haitian Revolution 

Iconic Figure Of the day 

Toussaint L’Ouverture:  led a successful slave revolt and emancipated the slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti)

5’4 in heights 

Global Impacts of the Haitian Revolution 

The Haitian Revolution (1719-1804) the only uprising of enslaved peoples resulting in the overturning of a colonial, enslaving government.

• (Saint-Domingue) was an european colony that into a black republican freed slavery (haiti),  that created the 2nd independent nation in the americas after the U.S 

• France incurred with fighting the haitians prompted napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S 

The destruction of the slavery complex in haiti changed the course of opportunities in the market for the sugar production in the (United states, Cuba and Brazil) 

With haiti’s development through growth it hundred its abilities to make reparations to the french for approx. 122 years  ( for frances recognition of hair as a sovereign republic) 

The legacy effects of the Haitian revolution 

• For some african americans involved in the haitian revolution it embarked the highlighted decade of and uncomplicated promises of the American Revolution. 

• The inspired uprising raised the process for African Americans often african americans in diaspora communities slave revolt 1811

• Maroons Afro-descendants who esaped slavery to establish free communities 

• Maroons disseminated information across disparate groups and organized attacks,  Former freedom fighters were former soldiers were enslaved during the civil war in the kingdom of Kongo and sent to Haiti.    

2.13 Renaissance and Revolts in the U.S 

Enslaved people revolted against their suppressors quite often by breaking tools, attempting to run away, stealing food, and by slowing down work.  

Religious services + churches became the resistance towards slavery, serving as cites for celebration, community gathering, mourning, sharing information and a addition to political organizations.

some parts african soldiers help and aided enslaved peoples which was to their benefit for more revolts 

• In 1526, Africans slaves in Santo Domingo (now known as the Dominican Republic) were brought to aid Spanish exploration along the South Carolina–Georgia coastline. They led the earliest known slave revolt in what is now U.S. territory + escaped into nearby Indigenous communities. 

 Charles Deslondes led up to 500 enslaved people in the largest slave revolt on U.S. soil, known as the German Coast Uprising, or the Louisiana Revolt of 1811. 

In 1841, Madison Washington, an enslaved cook, led a mutiny aboard the slave brig Creole, which transported enslaved people from Virginia to New Orleans.

2.14 Blacks in North: Freedom, Women’s Rights, + Education

Throughout the development in grwoth between 1700’s and 1800’s the population of African Americnas grew.

By 1860 over 12% of free people were apart of the black population, even though there was a lrger numbers in the South than the north. Smaller though in proportions to the #’s of enslaved peoples. 

They created mutual-aid societies that funded the growth of Black schools, businesses…etc

In the 1800’s, Black women activists used speeches + publications to call attention to the need to consider gender + Black women’s experiences in antislavery discussions. 

Maria W. Stewart was the first Black woman to publish a political manifesto + one of the first American women to give a public address. Her advocacy in the 1830s contributed to the first wave of the feminist movement.

2.15 Maroon Societies + Autonoumous Black Coummunities 

Maroon Coummunitites emerged from the african diaspora, often in hidden and remot eenviroments beyond the purview of said enslavers 

• These communities lasted for a few years, continuing on for a full centuries.

• Self-emancipated peoples preserved in theses communities + were born free 

Autonoumus spaces are where African-based languages +cultural paratices flourished +with the fears of living in constant fears 

Great Dismal Swamp is where many of theses African American maroon communities where formed ( Virginia between +North Carolina) (Indigenous communities) 

2.16  Diasporic Connections: Slavery + Freedom in Brazil

Their were a greater  diasopra (10 million African Americans) spread of African Americans to brazil. 

• Within thoses whom came over,  protected their cultural paratices. 

Many of such said paratices revealed to have survived in Brazil…

• capoeira (a martial art developed by enslaved Africans that combines music + call + response singing) + the congada (a celebration of the king of Kongo + Our Lady of the Rosary).

During the 1800’s however their was an ouccurrnace of the manumission (release from slavery) which cuased for a lead of steadliy decreasing population deficiainty. 

• By 1888, when Brazil became the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery.

2.17 Africans Americans In indediougos Territories

• Some African American freedom seekers found refuge among the Seminoles in Florida + were welcomed as kin, fighting alongside the Seminoles in resistance to relocation.

• Many African Americans were enslaved by peoples of the five large Indigenous nations. 

•  Those of which were forcicvily removed from the trial of tears, enslaving african americasn 

• Adopting slaves codes, slave portocals + assing in the recapture of enslaved people whom tried to flee and or esacape. 

• Codifying racial slavery within Indigenous communities hardened racial lines. It severed Black–Indigenous kinship ties + redefined them as permanent outsiders.

2.18Debate on Emigration, Colonization, + Being American

• in Latin America + the Caribbean, African American emigrationists supported building new communities outside the U.S.

• Black abolitionists who supported emigration, like Paul Cuffee + Martin R. Delany, embraced Black nationalism, which promoted Black unity, pride, + self-determination.

• Paul Cuffee was the first person to relocate African Americans from the U.S. to Africa. In 1815 he took 39 African Americans to the British Black settlement of Freetown in Sierra Leone.

• Anti-emigrationists believed abolition + racial equality reflected the nation’s ideals + that they would achieve the liberation

• They were seen as having “birthright citizenship.”

• Because of the Fugitive Slave Acts, Frederick Douglass + other formerly enslaved abolitionists were not protected from recapture, even in the North. 

• 1800’s anti-emigrationists highlighted the paradox of celebrating nearly a century of American independence while excluding millions from citizenship because of their race

Up to 2.18 while Ms.Lewis is gone 

Maroon emerged communities beyond the U.S were called palenques among spanish america + quilmbos in Brazil 

The Quilomno do Palmares, the largest maroon society, lasting up to 100 years. 

Maroon leaders often lead militias revolts against colonial governments into protecting their freedoms, and autonomy. Were required to extinguish slave rebllions

Bayano- lead a maroon coumminity in wars against the Spanish  for several years in Panama in the 16th century. 

Queen Nanny- led maroons in Jamacia in the wars against the english in the 18th century.