HIST112_02 Midterm Review Timeline

Page 1: European History Timeline

• Time Period: 1650-1900

• Course: HIST112_02, 5 PM

Page 2: Gunboat Diplomacy

• Definition: Diplomatic relationship between Britain and China marked by controversy due to Britain's support for opium merchants.

• Time Period: 19th century (notably 1820s, 1839-42, 1856-60).

• Causes: Britain's smuggling of opium into China and military support following China's destruction of opium.

• Consequences: Results in the Opium Wars and China ceding Hong Kong with unfavorable trade terms.

• Significance: Strengthened European trade in China and solidified British imperial dominance.

Page 3: Class Consciousness

• Definition: Awareness of one’s economic class and the realities stemming from it.

• Time Period: 19th century, during the Industrial Revolution.

• Causes: Class divisions emerged between wealthy, middle, and lower classes due to industrialization.

• Consequences: Spurred labor movements, protests, new economic ideologies, and revolutions.

• Significance: Influenced European politics, movements, and economic theories.

Page 4: Divine Right of Kings

1. Definition: Belief that kings receive authority directly from God.

2. Period: 17th century; associated with absolutism.

3. Causes: Religious roots influenced justifications for absolutism in politics.

4. Consequences: Allowed absolute power for kings like Louis XIV; opened possibilities for religious persecution.

5. Significance: Shaped public perception of kings as divinely chosen leaders.

Page 5: Absolutism

1. Definition: Rulers believed to be chosen by God and accountable only to Him.

   • Claim exclusive powers to make and enforce laws.

   • No institutional checks on power.

2. Period: 17th century (1600-1700).

3. Causes:

   • Age of Crisis: Environmental and economic hardships, leading to monarchic centralization of power.

4. Consequences:

   • France, under Louis XIV, became a powerful nation, but faced financial struggles.

   • Resistance led to constitutional monarchy in England post-Civil War.

5. Significance: Reshaped European politics, influenced the rise and fall of monarchies, and set the stage for revolutions including the French Revolution.

Page 6: The Protestant Reformation

• Definition: Religious movement challenging Catholic Church authority, leading to Protestantism.

• Period: 16th century (1517-1648).

• Causes: Corruption within the Church, including abuse of power and selling indulgences.

• Consequences: Formation of new denominations, loss of Catholic Church's influence.

• Significance: Fostered challenges to authority, splitting Europe from Church's previous monopoly.

Page 7: The Spinning Jenny

• Definition: Invention by James Hargreaves (1765) enabling spinners to produce multiple threads simultaneously.

• Time Period: 18th century (~1765-1800).

• Causes: Increased productivity and efficiency in textile production.

• Consequences: Unemployment for hand spinners, urbanization due to factory jobs, rise in child labor.

• Significance: Key development in industrializing Europe; lowered textile costs due to increased production.

Page 8: The French Revolution

• Definition: Period of social and political upheaval in France.

• Time Period: Late 17th century (1788-1798).

• Causes: Class imbalances, especially unfair taxation on the lower classes.

• Consequences: Abolition of monarchy, establishment of a republic, the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

• Significance: Transformed political dynamics in Europe, promoting ideas of liberty and equality.

Page 9: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)

• Definition: Foundational document of the French Revolution affirming individual and social rights.

• Time Period: Adopted in 1789.

• Causes: Enlightenment ideals and corruption of the prior government structure.

• Consequences: Challenged absolutism, inspired global democratic movements and future constitutions.

Page 10: Liberalism

• Definition: Advocacy for individual rights and acceptance of different opinions.

• Time Period: 17th to 19th century, especially during the Enlightenment.

• Causes: Roots in Enlightenment thought, religious conflict, scientific revolution, questioning monarchy.

• Consequences: Shift from government reliance to individual initiative often led to loss of safety nets.

• Significance: Helped demolish feudal and outdated structures in Europe, catalyzing 19th-century reforms.

Page 11: Conservatism

• Definition: Commitment to traditional values and opposition to change.

• Established: 1818, during the Restoration period aimed at reversing the French Revolution.

• Causes: Support for the Catholic Church and monarchy.

• Significance: Shaped political ideologies countering liberal reforms and maintaining social stability.

Page 12: 1848 Revolutions

• Definition: Series of uprisings across Europe demanding rights and better conditions.

• Time Period: Year 1848.

• Causes: Poor working conditions, poverty, and demands for political reform.

• Consequences: Established the Republic of France, hindered national unification efforts.

• Significance: Propelled political change, enhanced nationalism, and foreshadowed decline of empires.

Page 13: The Glorious Revolution of 1688

• Definition: A series of events leading to King James II's exile and the rise of William and Mary.

• Time Period: 1688-89.

• Causes: Fear of a Catholic dynasty under James II pushed Protestant nobles to act.

• Consequences: Established constitutional monarchy in England, limitation of royal power.

• Significance: Marked a shift from absolute monarchy to constitutional governance, influencing Enlightenment thought.

Page 14: The Scientific Revolution

• Definition: Enhancement of interest in natural sciences, establishing modern scientific methods.

• Time Period: 16th to 17th centuries.

• Causes: Challenges against ancient philosophers, Renaissance influence, and church authority.

• Consequences: New discoveries, church conflict, technological advancements fueling the Enlightenment.

• Significance: Shifted authority from religious to evidence-based explanations, laying foundations for modernity.

Page 15: Industrious Revolution

• Definition: Phase characterized by changes in work habits due to rising demand for goods.

• Time Period: 1600s to 1800s.

• Causes: Factory owners responded to market demand by employing more workers and extending hours.

• Consequences: Longer working hours, family financial strain, and increased child labor.

• Significance: Set a precedent for productivity and labor practices during industrialization.

Page 16: Gunboat Diplomacy (continued)

• Definition: Use of military strength to influence foreign policy.

• Time Period: 19th century.

• Causes: British trading restrictions in China prompted opium smuggling and military responses.

• Consequences: China's defeat led to trade concessions, contributing to Qing dynasty's decline.

• Significance: Highlighted weaknesses in the Qing government, paving way for uprisings and its eventual fall.

Page 17: The Enlightenment

• Definition: Movement promoting reason, nature, and humanity's role in understanding the world.

• Time Period: Late 17th to 18th centuries, divided into Early, High, and Late Enlightenment phases.

• Causes: Scientific revolution, religious tolerance, information dissemination through printing.

• Consequences: Human rights began to influence international law, ethical theories evolved, and advancements in science occurred.

• Significance: Marked pivotal advances in philosophy and science, impacting modern societal structures.

Page 18: Economic Liberalism

• Definition: Ideology supporting personal liberty, property rights, and minimal government interference in markets.

• Time Period: 1776 - present.

• Causes: Enlightenment thinking, industrial growth, decline of feudalism and mercantilist control.

• Consequences: Economic growth accompanied by income inequality and harsh worker conditions.

• Significance: Rise of capitalism and bourgeois interests, shaping labor movements and democratic practices in Europe.

Page 19: The "New" Imperialism

• Definition: Expansion of European powers into global territories during the late 19th century.

• Time Period: 1880-1914.

• Causes: Economic motivations for raw materials and new markets intensified colonial ambitions.

• Consequences: Colonial resistance, potential instability, and tension within Europe, setting the stage for WWI.

• Significance: Marked an epoch of significant overseas expansion, shaping future global conflicts.

Page 20: King Louis XIV

• Definition: Long-reigning king of France, known for exemplifying absolute monarchy.

• Time Period: 1638-1715.

• Causes: Centralized power and aligned interests with the Catholic Church.

• Consequences: France rose as a dominant European power, but his reign led to fiscal issues.

• Significance: His legacy represented absolute monarchy and influenced European political structure.

Page 21: Marxism

• Definition: Ideological conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat, opposing capitalism.

• Time Period: Mid-19th century, notably with "The Communist Manifesto."

• Causes: Class struggles between wealthy and working-class populations.

• Consequences: Increased militancy among socialists; led to uprisings, notably in Russia.

• Significance: Sparked profound political and social change, influencing numerous movements.

Page 22: Salons

• Definition: Social gatherings for intellectual discourse during the Enlightenment.

• Time Period: 1500-1900.

• Causes: Aimed to share innovative thoughts and ideas.

• Consequences: Promoted Enlightenment ideas, altering traditional social norms.

• Significance: Gathered influential figures to discuss and shape societal changes.

Page 23: Coal Powered Steam Engine

• Definition: An engine fueled by coal to create steam for power.

• Time Period: Invented in 1712, utilized until early 1900s.

• Causes: Demand for efficient mining work prompted its invention.

• Consequences: Significant economic growth, environmental consequences, laid groundwork for transportation innovations.

• Significance: Critical to the Industrial Revolution; advanced technological progress in Europe.

Page 24: Socialism

• Definition: Ideology promoting political and economic equality, focused on collective ownership.

• Time Period: 1830s-1840s.

• Causes: Enlightenment ideas and the rise of liberalism during the Industrial Revolution.

• Consequences: Concept of equality commonly led to decreased productivity and economic stagnation.

• Significance: Spurred discussions around societal structures and rights, influencing future policies.

Page 25: Atlantic Trade System

• Definition: The transatlantic slave trade involving the transport of enslaved Africans to the Americas.

• Time Period: Peak in the 18th century, with 6.5 million shipped.

• Causes: Demand for cheap labor in colonies, development of European territories, and shortage of indigenous labor.

• Consequences: Ruinous effects on African societies, economic boon for Europe, and inspired abolitionist movements.

• Significance: Integral to global trade dynamics and European colonialism's impact on history.

Page 26: Nationalism

• Definition: Ideology focused on national interests, cultural identity, and independence.

• Time Period: 19th century (1800-1900).

• Causes: Inspired by the French Revolution, industrial growth connected people to their nation.

• Consequences: Unified countries like Italy (1861) and Germany (1871); increased competition among nations led to tensions.

• Significance: Vital for reshaping Europe’s political map and influencing various independence movements.

Page 27: The Industrial Revolution

• Definition: Major economic transition highlighted by industrialization and technological progress.

• Time Period: 1780 - 1900.

• Causes: Agricultural changes and population growth drove demand for goods, capitalism propelled innovations.

• Consequences: Horrid working conditions, urbanization challenges including disease and pollution.

• Significance: Shifted Europe into a global power through technology and social reformations.

Page 28: Natural Rights

• Definition: Inalienable freedoms granted at birth beyond government’s control.

• Time Period: 1690-1780s.

• Causes: Enlightenment thought spurred ideas of rights and freedoms, coupled with rising literacy.

• Consequences: Influenced foundational documents like the U.S. Declaration of Independence and reshaped governance.

• Significance: Pivotal in advocating individual liberties and challenging oppressive regimes.

Page 29: Mercantilism

• Definition: Trade-driven ideology necessitating governmental regulation for wealth generation.

• Time Period: 16th to 18th century.

• Causes: Increased trade and formation of colonies, rise of financial institutions.

• Consequences: Strengthened European nations economically but also led to exploitation of colonies.

• Significance: Integral to colonial expansion and power dynamics in Europe.

Page 30: The Haitian Revolution

• Definition: Successful revolt against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, leading to Haiti's independence.

• Time Period: 1791-1804.

• Causes: Inspired by the French Revolution, resistance to brutal slavery, oppressive social hierarchy.

• Consequences: Abolition of slavery, establishment of Haiti, sparked future independence movements.

• Significance: Weakened French economic interests and shifted power dynamics in the Caribbean.

Page 31: Conservatism (revisited)

• Definition: Ideology advocating for traditional values and resistance to change.

• Time Period: Early 18th century.

• Causes: Reaction against revolutionary changes from the French Revolution, aimed at restoring monarchy.

• Consequences: Support for monarchy persisted, though liberal policies emerged in subsequent revolutions.

• Significance: Played a central role in shaping European political ideologies in response to change.

Page 32: Ideology of Separate Spheres

• Definition: Belief in distinct gender roles; men in public life, women in domestic duties.

• Time Period: 19th-century Victorian era (1837-1918).

• Causes: Social and religious expectations, patriarchal traditions, and industrialization's division of labor.

• Consequences: Limited women's career paths, reinforced gender inequalities, spurred women's rights movements.

• Significance: Influenced advocacy for suffrage and women's roles in society.

Page 33: Fiscal Military State

• Definition: A state model prioritizing taxation and bureaucracy to maintain substantial military forces.

• Period: 16th–18th centuries, rooted in the late medieval era.

• Causes: Ongoing warfare necessitated robust financial systems and military spending.

• Consequences: Increased taxation led to public discontent, bureaucratic expansion laid groundwork for modern governance.

• Significance: Shaped the development of modern state structures and influenced revolutions due to over-taxation.

Page 34: Constitutionalism

• Definition: Ideology asserting government authority derives from fundamental laws, limiting state power.

• Time Period: 17th century, particularly during England's Civil War and Glorious Revolution (1642-1688).

• Causes: Reaction to absolute monarchy; influenced by political thought advocating limited power.

• Consequences: Established checks and balances, increased political participation.

• Significance: Marked a significant transition from absolute rule to constitutional governance in Europe.

Page 35: Congress of Vienna

• Definition: Diplomatic assembly aimed at restoring stability after the Napoleonic Wars.

• Period: September 1814 – June 1815.

• Causes: Aftermath of Napoleonic Wars and desire to restore monarchies pre-revolution.

• Consequences: Reshaped territorial borders, established a balance of power, reinforced monarchic authority, curbed revolutionary movements.

• Significance: Maintained European stability until WWI and laid foundations for future diplomacy.

Page 36: Romanticism

• Definition: Artistic and intellectual movement emphasizing emotion and individualism.

• Time Period: Late 18th century to early 19th century.

• Causes: Reaction against Enlightenment rationalism and mechanization of the Industrial Revolution.

• Consequences: Influenced cultural and political movements, advancing themes of nationalism and personal freedom.

• Significance: Altered artistic and literary norms, promoting individual rights and challenging established traditions.

Page 37: Economic Liberalism

• Definition: idea that the economy functioned best with minimal government intervention

• Time period: 1776; associated with the Scottish Enlightenment

• Causes: response to mercantilism

• Consequences: promoted free trade and reduced tariffs and regulations on commerce; the government began to adopt a laissez-faire approach

• Significance: it advocated for individual freedoms and promoted rights like property ownership and labor freedom

Page 38: The “Crisis of the 17th Century”

• Definition: period of hardships and upheaval due to food shortages, “Little Ice Age”, riots, and the 30 years war

• Time period: 17th century

• Causes: the little ice age caused food shortages (famine) that led to urban bread riots and armed uprisings

• Consequences: municipal and royal leaders turned to repression, demographic losses, and shifts in power dynamics

• Significance: pivotal movement in the transition from feudalism to early modern society; it laid the groundwork for future revolutions

Page 39: The Industrious Revolution

• Definition: period before the industrial revolution where households became more productive and demanded more goods; new consumer goods created new desires

• Time period: 1600-1800

• Causes: growing population, improved agricultural practices, shift toward more productive household labor

• Consequences: lead to the Industrial Revolution and urbanization

• Significance: it marked a time in Europe where household productivity and consumer demand increased dramatically and laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution

Page 40: “Putting Out” System

• Definition: merchant “put out” raw materials to workers who processed them in homes and returned the finished product to the merchant to sell

• Time Period: 15th-18th centuries

• Causes: increased demand, desire to decrease production costs, rural labor availability

• Consequences: urbanization, decreased worker autonomy, emergence of new class. of industrial workers

• Significance: crucial step toward urbanization and early industrial capitalism