Kinesiology final
Kinesiology
From Greek Kinesis = movement
The study of the art and science of human movement
Human movement
The change of position of the individual in time/space
Resulting from force developed through the expenditure of energy in interaction with the environment
876 U.S institutions offer a bachelor's degree in kinesiology or closely related area
21 institutions 4% are in CSU system
In 2018 > 17,000 students enrolled in CSU kin programs
In 2015-2016 AY >2400 KIN B.S. degrees from CSU
Many competition
How to Stand out
Develop competency skills
Competency approach
Become learner-centered
Learner centered approach
Maintain a holistic approach to KIN
Holistic approach
Competency approach skill most valued by employers
Employers look for these skills
Critical thinking/problem solving (100%)
Teamwork/collaboration
Professionalism/work ethic
Oral/written communication
Five Basic principles
Balance Of power
Teachers and students work together in the learning process
Function of content
Experience the content through active-learning strategies designed to engage and motivate
Role of the teacher
Teacher becomes a facilitator
Responsibility for learning
With the student
Purpose and process of evaluation
Emphasizes how evaluation and learning are closely linked rather than focusing on the grade itself
Looking at clubs
Holistic approach and Interpretation
Holistic
Interpreting a person as having interconnected mind, body, and spirit
Recognize the variety of physical activity experiences
Holistic Interpretation of a Person
Concern about bodies that move and the people
Holistic Approach to kinesiology
The subdisciplines are interconnected and mutually informing
Dualistic
People are composed of mind and body
History of Kinesiology
Embryonic Period for PE (1820s-1900)
The profession of Physical Education (1900s-19060s)
The Academic Discipline of Physical Education (1960s-1980s)
Kinesiology as a Unifying Title (1990s-present
Embryonic Period for PE
Historical context
Exercise as the antidote to a soft life
Health concerns
Immigration and assimilation
Concerns about military preparedness
Training took place in normal (teacher training ) schools
Instructors/physical educators were often physicians
Curriculum: anatomy and physiology, physics, anthropometry, and educational theory
Integration of mind, body and soul
Recommendation of vigorous exercise for men and boys
Recommendation of moderate exercise for woman and girls
European gymnastics systems - German and Swedish
Precise and regimented exercises
YMCA (1851) and YWCA (1858) founded in UK 1844/855
The Association for the Advancement of Physical Education (AAPE), established in 1885
Becomes the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education (AAAPE) in 1886
The Profession of Physical Education (1900s-1960s)
Focus also included “health education”
Shift from physician culture to PE
Rise of men’s intercollegiate sports
“Play days” for women
More lady like attributes in sports
Influence of war on physical education
World War 1(1914-1918) World War 2 (1939-1942)
Cold War (staring in 1947) what effect did this have on competition for local ideological and political dominance
The “scientization” of physical education
Start to promote elite-level training and competition for women
1953 Kraus-Weber Fitness Test
The Academic Discipline of Physical Education
- 1963 James Conrant - the education of American Teachers
Critiqued graduate work in BE
1964 Frank Henry (EB Berkeley)
PE should be an academic discipline a branch of knowledge designed to produce and dismantle expert knowledge
PE should have an road-based understanding of PA
Move toward specialization and discipline
Decline of teacher training and pedagogy programs
Physical education in “Chaos”
Physician education in higher education is in a state of chaos (Newell)
1989 Newell suggest the umbrella term “kinesiology
The Big Ten body of knowledge Symposium Project identified six areas of specialization
Administrative theory in athletics and physical education
Biomechanics
Exercise Physiology
History and Philosophy of Physical education
Motor learning/ Sport psychology
Sociology and sport education
Sports history
Manifestation of rituals in sports
The history of the anthem played at sporting events
Origin World series 1918
Reason: connect baseball to [patriotism during WWII
Today: practice continues along with additional displays such as military flyovers
Ancient sport
Text such as The iliad and the Odyssey
Boxing, chariot racing, and other events held at funeral games
Athletic festivals and crown games of Ancient Greece such as the Olympic Games
Gladiatorial combats of the Roman empire
Medieval period through the 19th century
Folk activities and games of the affluent class in cultures across the globe
Sports history research
Ask a research question
When and why did the national anthem at sporting events first appear in the U.S.
Develop a method to conduct research (research methods)
Visit physical or digital archives and read contemporaneous accounts such as newspapers, press releases, and dan testimonials
Data for sport historians: secondary sources
Analyze the meaning and place in historical context
History of Sport History
Academic discipline of sport history as part of the larger field of kinesiology
Roots of the field in the US: late 19th century
Professional organizations formed
Fredrick Logan Paxon (1917) “The Rise of Sport”
Middle of the 1900s; a few major works helped keep sport as part of the broader field of history in academia
Foster Rhea Dulles (1940)”American Learns to Play; A History of Popular Recreation, 1608-1940
Write about sport from the early colonial era in what would become the US through the then-present day
John R. Betts (1953): “The technological revolution and the rise of sport, 1850-1900)
Sport was an effect of US industrialization
Sport and its interplay with society inform us about the American experience and Physical culture
To understand society, need to study lived experiences of people through research
How do people spend leisure time?
Sport and PA
Women in the history of sport
Women interaction with physical culture and sports
Also includes exercise and fitness, dance, manual labor., nutrition
Patricia Vertinsky (1994): doctors and scientist incorrectly believes women were frail and weak
Current work by sport historians: various ways women and girls fought back against oppressive social guidelines
Persisting gender inequality in sport and PA (opportunities, access, support, representation)
Race and ethnicity and connections to sport
Athletes barred from white competition and those who broke barriers
Sport and physical culture important to community development for people who identify as a certain race or ethnicity
I.e. how Mexican American immigrants in Southern California in the middle of the 20th century use sport and leisure to strengthen relationships
Concept of culture
C.L.R. James
We can “read” sport to understand cultures
Clifford Geertz (1971)
Sports are “stories we tell ourselves about ourselves”
Michel Foucault (1978)
Power relations impact how people engage in sport, often in oppressive ways
Future studies
Histories that have not been told
Theories that have not been tested
Questions that have not been asked
Major topics in sport History
Historical context, cultural conditions, and structural components of a specific event, time and place, or phenomenon
History of Sport Research (Con)
To understand connections to nationalism, role of women in sport, gender relations, changing national priorities related to physical education, health and fitness consider:
Military and World War I (1914-1918)
Golden Age os Sport (1920s)
The Great Depression (1930s)
Military and World War II (1939-1945)
All-Americans Girls Baseball League
Cold War (starting in 1947)
1972 Title IX passes
Racial and ethnic relations
1882-1943 Chinese Exclusion Act
1952 Brown vs. BOE
“Reconstruction”: racist laws and customs that negatively affected and violently hurt black americans
Double V Campaign (1942-1945): victory against facism abroad and victory against white supremacy at home
Black World War II soldiers returned home to a racially divided country, including sport
Leaders in white sport barred African Americans
Negro American League and negro National League
Magnitude of that 1947 moment - must recognize the residuals of the past that led to that even occurring
Sport historians conduct research on common misconceptions in society
To dispel myths (origins of baseball)
To show how events that are considered anomalies in the present have deeper histories
Why study sport history
Important reasons to take seriously the history of sport
better understanding of our field
Look to history to understand the trials and tribulations of kinesiology
Looking to the Past to help Understand the present
Problematic history of science or sports medicine
Example: telling girls and women not to play sports for biological reasons
Scientific racism
Use medical or scientific arguments to make claims (often negative) about people of a different race or ethnicity (to rationalize superiority)
Connections to persisting stereotypes
Studying history is imperative when thinking about race and sport (many other issues!!) from a practical and theoretical level
What is Sociology of Sport, Exercise and PA
“Academic study of sport as a social phenomenon”
What are the broader societal (cultural, political, economic, and historical) conditions that shape our experiences with sport, exercise and PA
Playing conditions and atmosphere
Rules, uniforms, e.g.
Access and opportunities
Who has access? How are opportunities limited?
Historical context
Tradition
Politics
Sport and PA are viewed & studied as “cultural practices”
= “dominant and common language, ways of life, role expectations that govern our everyday interactions in the social world”
Research is related to
Socialization
Shared beliefs and knowledge
Broader cultural and societal conditions
Challenging “common sense beliefs”
Often connected to power relations
Sociological Imagination
C. Wright Mills (1959)
Framework to think about the world around us
Understanding how our individual biography is connected to the social world around us and to historical conditions
*our physical activity experiences are not just about the physical
Mini exercise
What physical activities do you enjoy?
Gym, sports, and running
Identify and explain three different cultural or social norms that influence(d) your own participation in physical activity, exercise, and sport
How are your responses to #1 and #2 related?
What were the social or cultural conditions that influenced your participation
What makes it fun?
The History of Sociology of sport, exercise, and PA in the United States
Study of sport from a sociological perspective began in the 1960s
Early events contributing to the start of the discipline
1964 Franklin Henry (UC Berkeley): PE = academic discipline, not just PE teacher training program
1965 Jenya and LOy: “Toward a Sociology of Sport” (in Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance)
Harry Edwards
Founder Olympic Project for Human rights
1969 revolt of the black athlete
1969 Loy and Kenyan
One of the first textbook in the sociology of sport
Sport, culture, and society: a reader on the SS
1972 Gary Shaw
Meat on the hood: the hidden world of texas football
1973 Harry Edwards: “The sociology of sport’
One of the first comprehensive examinations of sport from sociological perspective
History of the field
1965 international sociology of sport (ISSA) estab.
International review for the Sociology of Sport
1978 North American Society for the Sociology of Sport
(NASSS) formed
Sociology of Sport Journal (SSJ)
Major Topics in the Sociology of Sport, Exercise, and PA
Six major spheres
Economics
Education
Family
Media
Politics
Religion
Preparing to ask and answer sociological questions related in sport, PA, and exercise
C. Wright Mills (1959): “Sociological Imagination”
Framework for how we can think about the worlds
Connecting personal biography to broader society and historical conditions
How do we use our sociological imagination
HISTORICAL CONTEXT: CURRENT CIRCUMSTANCES (political, econ)
Cultural conditions: Established ideologies, ideas and norms
Structural components: Major life spheres, relatively stable, transmit transitions (education, religion, family, politics, economy, mass media)
Theory and Practice
Theory = tested explanations about how a society functions + Methodologies = traditions of scientific investigation
Can be categorized by main focus, core explanations, or how a system operates
Structural theories
Cultural theories
Data collection
Landscape knowledge technique
To be able to describe the population, community
Big patterns in society
Surveys, polls, databases, census of large sample populations
Community case studies
Experience Knowledge technique
To lean about the experiences in the population/community
Talk and interact with participants
Analytic knowledge technique
To understand the cultural significance (meanings and values) related to sport and PA
Theoretical analyses
Shift focus to symbolic meaning and cultural significance
What can you do with a degree in sociology of sport, exercise, and physical activity
Being able to identify the cultural practices and significance of human movement in your work setting will assist you in meeting the needs of your participants = better practitioner!
Physical education teacher
Physical occupational therapist
Coach
Dance teacher
Fitness trainers Sport manager
Athletic trainer
Other sport and exercise science professionals
Exercise and Sport Psychology
What is Sports Psychology?
The study of the psychological factors that come into play before, during, and after sport performance situations and the application of that knowledge
Objectives
Understand how psychological factors can affect sport performance
How to manipulate these factors to create more positive sport performance outcomes
Applied Sport Psychology
Use theoretical concepts in real world settings to enhance performance and well-being
Consistently create the ideal mental climate that allows the athlete to perform optimally
Enhance mental health
Late 1800s
Norman Triplett (1898)
Cycling studies to predict when they would do better (social effect)
E.W.Scripture
How ability of brain to think and act quickly (reaction time) affects sport performance, impact of sport pp on good character
1919-1928
Coleman Griffith era (modern roots of SP
Father of Sport psychology
First SP pioneer to take research into the field
Psychology of coaching (1926) and psychology of Athletes (1928)
Director of 1st psychology lat at U.illinois, later worked with Chicago Cubs and Noter Dame football coaches
1928
Franklin Henry, UC Berkeley
Established sport psych lab at first graduate in sport psychology
Early 1940s
Dorothy yates
Applied psych to collegiate athletes
Studied effect of relaxation on boxers
1960s
Period of growth for SP as an academic discipline
Dorothy Harris began systematic research focus on women in sport
Bruce Ogilvie and Tom Tutko wrote Problem athletes and how to handle them
Sport Psychology Organizations
1960s to 1980s: funding of professional organizations and journals
1st world congress of Sport Psychology
Held in rome 1965
North american Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA)
First congress 1967
ASSociation for Applied Sport Psychology
EST 1986
What do Sport Psychologist Do
Research: conduct studies (Lab or non lab
Teaching: education (university professors)
Consulting: applied work (with athletes, teams, sport orgs)
University
Olympics
Professional
Orientations in Sport Psychology
What approaches can we tak to explain our behaviors and actions
Psychophysiological
Social - psychological
Cognitive - behavioral
Psychophysiological
The best explanation for sport and exercise behavior lies within the physiological process that are happening within the brain and body
Social-psychological
Behaviors are the result of an interaction between environmental and personal factors
The weather, family, antagonist
I.e., team dynamics, home-field advantage, leadership styles
Cognitive-behavioral
Behaviors stem from individuals thoughts and beliefs, or cognitions
Self-perception, motivation, self-esteem, sense of control
I.e., burnout and performance
Research Methods in Sport and Exercise Psychology
Questionnaires: psychological inventories, surveys
Interviews: question to get in-depth responses
Observations: watch without interfering; use behavior checklist or coding
Physiological measures: heart rate or brain waves
Biochemical measures: analyze blood or urine
Content analysis: analyze material such as activity journals, videos and social media to look for patterns and trends
Major Topics in Sport Psychology
Motivation
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic
Theories of motivation
Psychological Skill Development (PSD)
Purpose
Application
Team/Group Dynamics
Formation of groups
Group roles
Groups norms
Factors influencing team performance
Major Topics in Sport Psychology: Motivation
Motivation
“The direction and intensity of effort”
Influenced by many different internal and external factors (Vealey, 2009)
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation
Motivation from within vs. external factors
Describe examples of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation being a positive influence in your performance.
According to research which is associated with higher levels of adherence
Major theories of motivation
What factors influence our behavior
Family, friends, peers
Social-cognitive theory (Alfred Bandura, 1977, 1986)
Achievement goal theory
Attribution theory
We create goals based on either task-or ego orientations which then influences motivation
Task(mastery)-orientation based on own performance relative to past performance
Ego (performance)-orientation bases success on comparison to others
Major Theories of motivation: Attribution theory
Success and failure can be attributed to three main categories
Stability: is the issue causing success or failure permanent
Locus of causality: is the issue internal or external
Locus of control: is the issue under the persons control or not
Attribution influence emotional reactions to success and failure - this influences motivation and expectations of success in the future
Major Topics in Sport Psychology
“The systematic and consistent practice of mental/psychological skills for the purpose of enchanting performance, increasing enjoyment, or achieving greater sport and physical activity self-satisfaction” (weinberg & Gould, 2011)
Outcome goals of PSD
Being motivated, dealing with pressure, having confidence, and maintaining concentration (Jones, Hanton, & Cannaughton, 2007)\
Myths about psychological skill development (PSD_
It is only for “problem athletes”
It is only for elite athletes
It provides “quick fix”
It is not useful, it just makes you feel warm and fuzzy for a while
PSD
Develop Psych Skills
Increase mental toughness
Improve performance outcomes
Implementing PSD
Practitioner first get a baseline:
Skills currently being used
Perceptions of PSD
Openness to trying new interventions
Develop PSD intervention program
Decide which skills to use
Implement program
Implementing PSD hierarchy of Psychological Skills
The Five Cardinal Mental Skills (from Karageorghis & Terry, 2011)
Major Topic in Sport Psychology: Team /Group Dynamics
Sport groups/teams are characterized by:
Collective sense of identity
Distinctive roles
Structured modes of communication
Norms
Stages of group development (tuckman, 1965)
Forming: familiarization with other team members
Storming: characterized by resistance and conflict
Norming: hostility replaced with cooperation; consensus
Performing: team members come together using group process
Establish group roles (expected behaviors) and group norms (shared beliefs and practices)
Team cohesion: total field of forces that act on members to remain in a group
Task cohesion: degree group work together to achieve common goals
Social cohesion: interpersonal attraction among group members
Cohesion-performance relationship (circular)
Where can I use Sport Psychology?
Physical/occupational therapy
Using motivational techniques to encourage clients to stick to therapy programs
Athletic training
Using relaxation techniques to help an athlete get through a tough rehab exercise
Goal-setting
Coaching
Understanding and applying knowledge about leadership, communication, and the use of reward system to motivate athletes
Physical education
Creating environments that are motivating to children for participating in activities
Using group dynamics principles to make sure students have a positive experience in their physical education class
Medice (doctor,nurse, ect..)
Applying relaxation and concentration techniques to be more precise in providing treatments/conducting surgeries
Communication techniques for speaking with patients
Fitness/wellness settings
Using the theories of motivation when developing exercise programs
What is Exercise and Sport Physiology
Exercise physiology:
the study of how the body responds and adapts to physical stress
Sport Physiology:
application of exercise physiology principles to guide training and enhance performance
Exercise
intentional physical stress placed on the body, producing acute and chronic effects
Acute exercise
Sudden immediate and short term
Chronic exercise
Gradual and long term
History of Exercise Phys in the US
Timeline of the earliest years
Early 1800s physiology textbooks appeared
Start formalized discipline
1843 one of the first text published had limited info on exercise but connections to physiology, health, and improving physical & mental health
1855 1st research paper on phys (William H. Byford)
1861 Edward hitcock 1st researcher to collect anthropometric data before and after exercise
1886 American Assoc for the Advancement of PE(AAPE)
1891 formal research lab for PE in US
1898 1st edition of American Journal of Physiology
1927-1947 Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
1930 1st issue of research quarterly and several textbooks published
The embryonic years of ExPhys (1946-1962)
Significant growth (publications, research, labs)
1947 Harvard Fatigue Lab closed
Physical fitness = national concern -> more labs
First ExPhys textbook for grad students published 1960
1961 First ExPhys project funded by NIH
Formative Years (1963-1976)
Growth of visibility and credibility of field
Ex phys added to university grad programs
1970 PE began changing names
Recognition Years (1977-present)
New texts and organizations related to ExPhys
1978 National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA)
Increased involvement of women in leadership roles
2007 ACSM: “Exercise is Medicine” initiative
Reflection
Enhance physical performance and attain and maintain optimal health
Specific example
Physical education teachers
Athletes
Coaches
Dance teachers
Fitness trainers
Other sport and exercise science professionals
Not just the study of exercise and sport
Physical activity
Any type of bodily movement
Exercise
Subset of PA; planned and structured to improve physical fitness
ADLs and IADLs
How do activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living *IADLs) differ
ADLs
Daily, personal self-care activities
Trouble trying on shirts, brushing hair, brushing teeth
IADLs
Household maintenance activities
More energy
Mopping the floor, dishes, cleaning the house
Scope of responsibility of exercise physiologist
American Society of Exercise Physiology (ASEP)
Promote health and wellness
Prevent illness and disability
Restore health
Help athletes reach their potential in sports training and performance
Key definitions
Stress
Physiological disturbance caused by a stressor
The body's response to a stressor that interferes with normal physiology
Physical activity (PA) and exercise are stressors that increase the demands on the body in order to do work
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The body's fuel source that supplies the energy needed to meet the demand of exercise to do work
Cellular respiration
C6H12O6+6O2 —> 6CO2+ 6H20+ATP
Why do we need it?
Supply = Demand
Acute physiological response
Increase in physical activity demands more work in your body
More energy demand = More oxygen demand
Increased breathing rate = more oxygen intake in the lungs
Increase in heart rate to delivery oxygen to the muscles
Physiological training adaptation
How does the body respond to repeated stress
Healthy individuals has slow heartbeats under less stress
Unhealthy individuals hearts have to work harder even under less stress
Components of Physical Fitness
Physical fitness = set of physiological attributes that reflect the ability of the body's systems to support physical activity
Health related components
Aerobic capacity
Cody composition
Flexibility
Muscular endurance
Muscular strength
Skill related fitness
Agility
Balance
Coordination
Power
Reaction time
Speed
Principles of Exercise Training
Goal: to attain desired improvements without causing undue stress or injury
Principle of overload:
To stimulate training adaptations, body must be stressed beyond “normal” levels
Principle of progression:
Must increase overload using F.I.T.T principles after adaptations occur
Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type
Principle of reversibility
When the stress is no longer present, adaptations are lost
Motor Behavior
Fe8d Of study focusing on how humans move (regulate.control body/relearn skills and how movement changes over lifespan)
shinned
Motor performance = movement = which observe actions that humans make when trying to accomplish a task
Motor behavior as a field of study
Umbrella term for a group related subdisciplines
Motor control
How is movement controlled and regulated at any one point in time?
Motor learning
How do people learn motor skills over days, weeks, months?
Motor development
How does movement change over long pds of time
History of Motor Behavior
Early 201th century
Neurophysiology (Sherrington)
Work on nervous system, how reflexes help create coordinated movement
Learning principles (Woodworth, Thorndike)
Woodworth, Interaction of movement speed and accuracy 1899
Thorndike, learning in general 1932
Co-twin research (Gesell, McGraw)
Nature Vs. Nurture in human development
World War II (1939-1945)
Increase research interest
Military focus
Post World War I
Increase scientific rigor, creation of sub disciplines
Emergence of motor behavior as field of study; broadening into sport, rehab, and work
Fitts’ Law: observed, robust r/s between speed and accuracy aiming tasks
Conceptualizing Motor Behavior
Information processing theory 1970s
Humans act like computers
Emphasis: brain and central nervous system (CNS) in control of mm
Areas of study decision-making reaction time, speed of movement
Dynamic pattern perspective
Humans are complex systems Emphasis: multiple level, different interacting systems
Areas of study coordination, control, development
Studying motor behavior research approaches
Outside-in
Start with observable movement
Describe movement or explain processes underlying movement predict future movement
Inside-out
Start with anatomical structures
Describe structures explain relationships between structures and functions, predict observable movements
Motor control research
Begins with movement of interest, then focuses on key aspect of how that movement is regulated and controlled
ADLs, sport skills, movement coordination
Motor learning research
Focus on (permanent) changes in motor performance capability as a result of practice or experience
Feedback and practice = variables that impact ML
Studies usually involve an intervention that occurs over a period of time
Challenge Point Framework
Thinking about task difficulty and the skill level for motor learning
What kind of environment will hinder/promote motor learning
Optimal challenge point
Motor taks
Motor skill
Solving a problem of optimizing learning
Motor Development Research
Focus on change in motor performance over time and factors that underline that change
“Big picture” questions factoring in growth, maturation and other factors related to long-term change
Longitudinal studies = gold standard
Follow several individuals over long periods of time (months/years)
Motor Behavior Research tools
Digital motion analysis
Electromyogram (EMG)
Force plates/transducers
Brain imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (FNIRS)
Biomechanics
Application of the methods of mechanics to study the structure and function of biological systems
Four main areas in biomechanics
Sport and Exercise
Examination of the cause and effect mechanisms of sport movements and exercises
Occupational
Examination of the interactions of workers with their tool, machines, and materials
Forensic
Examination of accidents and failures
Clinical
Examination of the causes of musculoskeletal disorders and evaluation of various treatment methods
(Brief) history of biomechanics
Aristotle
(384-322 BC) wrote 1st book on biomechanics, DE Motu Animalium
Observations
The theoretical period
Scientific revolution
Galileo Galilei
Scientific Method
Sir Isac Newton
Uncovered 3 important biomechanical principles
Giovanni Borelli (father of biomechanics)
Extended Galileo's method to study of biology
Equated animals to machines
Used the concept of levers to analyze human movement
The experimental Period (19th century)
Study of human gait (walking): Weber brothers’ observations
Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1940)
Beginning of cinematography, use of serial photographs, 3-D analyses and chronophotography
The modern period (beginning in the mid-20th century)
Field experienced tremendous growth
Advent of modern computer and expansion of digital technology
Major publications
Major topic in Biomechanics
To help people move better
Improve performance
Reduce the risk of injury
Using critical thinking and problem solving skills
Mechanopathology: mechanics that cause injury
Pathomechanics: mechanics that are the result of injury or disease
rules/principles and laws that govern movement
Major Principles of Biomechanics
Mechanical Principles (applied Physics)
SIr Issaac Newton
Laws of motion
Multisegment principles
Motion delivered from multiple, interacting elements
Biological principles
How motion is impacted by anatomy and physiology of living organism
Forces
Internal force
Inside our body
External forces
Outside of our body
Force = push or pull by one body on another
Effective Force = sum of all forces acting on a body
Can lead to different outcomes depending on the situation
Important to consider direction and cause of movement
Propulsive force: in direction of movement; causes a body to speed up (increase velocity)
Braking force: in a direction opposite to the movement; causing a body to slow down (decelerate/brake)
Torque: turning effect of a force on rigid body about a pivot point; aka moment of force
Comes from applying a force to a lever some distance from axis of rotation
Force must be perpendicular to rigid body
What happens to torque force if its applied at a non-perpendicular angle
While energy defines the state of a system work is a process if moving the energy into tor out of a system
An effective force can change a body's energy or do mechanical work
Energy: state of matter that makes things change or has the capacity to make things change
Kinetic energy: energy associate w/motion and (velocity)
Gravitational potential energy(9.81): associated with position relative to Earth
Work: a process by which energy is either added to or subtracted from a body (change in energy)
Equal to product of force and displacement (change in position)
To increase energy going into the body, either
a) increase force
b) increase distance over which the force is applied
MULTISEGMENT PRINCIPLES
Important principle: a specific task can be achieved in many ways = Motor Abundance
Management of “energy flow” requires 2 things:
RECRUIT AS MANY MUSCLES AS POSSIBLE FOR EACH TASK
PROPERLY SEQUENCE THE TIMING OF THE JOINT
When generating energy during propulsive phase
Joint movements follow proximal to distal
Initiate movement with joints farther from endpoint and end with joints closest to endpoint
Where is maximal velocity generated first
Biological principles
Humans are not inanimate object or machines
Laws of physics still apply, but many bi-factors based on anatomy and physiology of your muscles influence force production
F=ma
F(source of force) is your muscles, more specifically Muscle-Tendon Complex (MTC)
MTC: the muscle(belly) and all of the elastic components (tendons, fascia layers, ect.)
Fundamental principle of the MTC is that it can only PULL
The force developed attempts to bring 2 insertions points closer together
Muscle Actions
Isometric action: action whereby the length is not changing and the MTC is transferring energy (strut)
Concentric action: action whereby the MTC length is shortening and generating energy (motor)
Eccentric action: action whereby the MTC length is increasing and absorbing energy (brake)
Stretch-shortening cycle (SSC): a concentric MTC action that is immediately preceded by an eccentric MTC action (spring)
Factors Affecting Muscle Tendon Complex Force
ONLY four factors can affect how much the force can produce
MTC length
Type of action: force eccentric > isometric > concentric
Velocity
Stretch Shortening Cycle (SSC); SSC only occurs if three conditions are met:
Well-timed pre-activation of the muscle prior to the eccentric action
Short, rapid eccentric action
Immediate transition form the eccentric action to the concentric action (amortization phase)
Types of research in Biomechanics
In vivo: an investigation of a living person
Videotaping people during performance
In vitro: an investigation using cadaveric or animal tissues
Measure magnitude and direction of applied load and the material’s response to the load to help identify most injurious positions and loads
In silico: an investigation using computer simulation
If something cannot be measured directly, too invasive, too impractical or too risky
What can you do with Biomechanics Data
Observation (critical elements and variability)
Movements may need to be recorded multiple times, in multiple views, with digital technology
Evaluation and Diagnosis (Determine impairments)
Compare the movement to a norm or model in order to diagnose the issue/error
Intervention (correct impairments using multidisciplinary approach)
Collaborate with others and utilize your other teammates expertise
Example: squat
Legs wide apart, equal in length, feet pointed straight
Sport Pedagogy and Physical Activity
Pedagogy: the art, science, or profession of teaching
Sport Pedagogy: emcpm[asses bot school programs of physical education and community-based club programs of sport and fitness
Components of a high Quality PE program
Policy and Environment
Instruction time (150 min/wl elem; 225 min/wk ms and hs)
Class size
Teacher qualifications
Appropriate use of PA
Curriculum: what is taught
Content, skills, sequence
Meet national standards
Appropriate Instruction
Teaching behaviors (teacher movement, providing feedback, minimizing instructional, managerial, and wait time)
inclusion , developmentally appropriate
In-class practice opportunities
Student Assessment: formative vs. summative
National Standards for Physical Education: Physical Literacy
The physically literate individual:
Demonstrates competency in a variety of motor skills and movement patterns
Applies knowledge of concepts, principles, strategies, and tactics related to movement and performance
Demonstrates the knowledge and skills to achieve and maintain a health-enhancing level of physical activity and fitness
The physically literate individual:
Exhibits responsible personal social behavior that respects self and others
Recognizes the value of physical activity for health, enjoyment, challenge, self-expression, and/or social interaction
History of Sort pedagogy in the United States
1885: Dr. Delphine Hanna started the first women’s professional physical education program at Oberlin College in Ohio
1886: first state legislation requiring physical education in schools
1889: The boston conference organized by Amy Morris Homans; “ Battle of the Systems” forum about current PE practices and leading to important discussions about future development and purpose of PE
1906: Theodore Roosevelt helped form Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS) (later called
1917: Blanche Trilling helped from the Athletic Conference of American College Women (ACACW)
1972: Title IX of the Education Amendments is passed by the U.S. Congress
Research Topics
Teacher and student behaviors
Teacher effectiveness
Classroom management
Curriculum development and implementation
Analyses of student achievement and the degree to which students come to adopt and value a physically active lifestyle
Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program
PArt of national framework aimed at ensuring that every school provides a CPAP with quality PE
Comprised of five components:
Physical education
Physical activity during school Physical activity before and after school
Staff involvement
Family and community involvement
Sport Pedagogy Careers
Teach physical education (credential required)
Lead before and after-school activity programs
Coach (certifications may be required by state)
Be a physical activity specialist in parks and recreational settings
Work with Boys and Girls Clubs or YMCA
Philosophy of sport/sport philosophy/philosophy of kinesiology
Intentional Fouls
Performance Enhancing Drugs
Gender testing
Inclusive PA/PE
Fair play
Athlete Health
Philosophy of kinesiology
Critical inquiry and conceptual clarity
Examination of PA experiences
Sound arguments and compelling answers
Critical inquiry and conceptual clarity
Derived from Greek word philosophia “Love of wisdom”
Apples critical inquiry, using sound inquiry and argumentation to identify concepts and principles
Provides conceptual clarity, using theories and interpretations
Understanding concepts such as play, fair play, and contributions to the good life
Philosophy of kinesiology: includes investigations of sport, health and fitness
Examination of our (PA) experiences
Help explain how PA experiences can promote meaningful lives (Hochstetler, 2015)
Following philosophical question related
Form of living that consists of personal well-being, fulfillment, and meaning
What role does PA play in the good life
Sound (plausible and persuasive) arguments and compelling answers
Consistent and impartial
Hold up to reflective scrutiny
Lead to more compelling answers
Right or wrong, correct or incorrect (i.e., cheating vs. fair play)
Rules
Rules
Right to play and participate
Role in regulating game play
Brief History of Philosophy of Kinesiology
Ancient Greece
Agon = competitive spirit
Arete = virtues commonly associated with competitive practice
1960: paul weiss, bernard suits, and Warren Fraleigh
Helped established sport as a serious topic ot philosophical study
1970s;
First annual conference of Philosophical Society for the Study of Sport (professional organization)
Publication of first academic journal (Journal of the Philosophy of Sport)
Foundation of questions
1980s and 1990s
Shifts in research from foundational questions to applied ethics
Ethical questions regarding doping, and Peds 1980s, gender inequity, violence in sport, and character development 1990s
200s
Debates on application of theories of sport to larger ethical questions
More inclusive and comprehensive approach to kinesiology
Major topics
5 types of philosophical questions that have different foci and utilize different types of reasoning to generate insights
Metaphysics: nature of things (such as PA)
Epistemology: nature of knowledge
Axiology: nature of values or the good
Ethics: the nature of right and wrong conduct
Aesthetics: nature and appreciation of beauty
Interplay exits between philosophical approaches
Metaphysics
Kinesioogy is primarily concerned about human movement
The nature of persons (diffrent perspective.interpretations)
Materialistic interpretation of a person
Reduced to physical matter, mechanistic view does not account for breadth or depth of our experience
Dualistic interpretation of a person
Strong delineation of mind and body (does not accurately reflex the nature of persons)
Dualistic approaches generally facor mind over body \
Holistic interpretation of a person
Takes seriously our lived experiences from an integrated perspective
Important implication of different interpretations
Materialism diminishes our subjective experiences, values, and ethics
Dualism has difficulty explaining how parts of people are integrated and often diminishes the value of PA
Holism addresses concerns of materialism and dualism while giving clear direction on how to interact with people
The nature of physical activity
Movement as work (extrinsic reasons)
Movement as play (intrinsic reasons)
Sport, exercise, and dance
Major forms of PA
Nature of games: “Voluntary attempt to overcome unnecessary obstacles” (Suits, 1978, p.40)
Games are intrinsically valued problem-solving
Playing games is the central activity of the good life
Promote and cultivate forms of PA that are games
Epistemology
What do skilled movers know?
What tyoes of knowledge are possible through physical activity?
Knowing that vs. knowing how
Theory vs. performance
Critical application of knowledge
What do we know from the results of competitions
Assesing the results of competition
Purpose of competitive sport is to determine relative abilities
Understanding role of competition in educational and developmental settings
Learning from winning and losing
Axiology
It is important to take time to identity and prioitize our values
Values promote coherent, satisfying life
Core values of kinesiology
Heath, knowledge, skill, fun
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic values
Relationship to motivation
Ethics
Fairness and justice
Natuee of right and wrong conduct
Developing moral habits may be more important than developing moral awareness
How do we hold people accountable to moral stanfaards? What happens when we dont?
What are major ethical issues facing the field of kinesiology?
Fair play and equality in youth sport; access and inclusion; in collegiate athletics; other PA trends
Who is responsible for addressing moral issues
What is the role of scientist, coaches, medical staff,a nd philosophers have in addressing moral issues
Understanding moral discision-making in larger cultural context
How do social and cultural factors inform our ethical inquiries?
Questions of equality and access
Advancements in race, gender, and disability
Still vast amounts of inequality
Participation in elite sport should be based on ability rather than other factors
Aesthetics (Nature and appreciation of beauty)
Aesthetic experience of PA
Sense of buoyancy after diving into water
Exhilaration of hurtling donw a mountain bike trail
Narrative structure of PA
The thrill of striving for victory
Aesthet9cs of spectatorship
Games and rules
Balancing offence and defencse
Promote exhilaration and excitement
Develop “just-right” problems (not too hard, not too easy)
Promoting aesthetic experiences of PA
Key to persistence, promoting active lifestyles
Key to an active good life
What does this mean for kinesiologist?