unit 5 and 6 ap world history flashcards study guide

Chapter 21: 

1. What was the Agricultural Revolution?- the draining of marshes,experiments with crop rotations, and crossbreeding of farm animals. Where did it take place?-England How were peasants treated during this era?-The revolution caused an inequality.As the rural gentry consolidated larger,more efficient farms,many poorer rural families lost their land and had to move. P. 588

2. Who was Thomas Hobbes?- an english philosopher  What were his views?- argued that life is nasty,brutish,and short.Social and political order become possible only when individuals relinquish their autonomy to a despotic ruler.The government is there to help get people in line, society is corrupt and the government installs good ideas and addresses issues and people fall in line.Believed in absolute monarchies.P.590

3. Who was John Locke?- an english philosopher 

 What were his views?-he argued that a stable social order is based on a contract between rulers and ruled and requires the safeguarding of life,liberty,and property.Political order derived from a contract in which individuals receive protection of their basic rights while they voluntarily give up some of their autonomy to the state. Executive and legislative powers should be separated and balanced.P. 590

4. Who was Montesquieu- a french thinker? What were his views? - wrote a book and argued for the limitations on the power of government and a rational distribution of power between different social classes.As societies advanced,their political systems would become more liberal and their people more free. Maintained judicial functions and be protected from executive interference.P. 591 

5. Describe Adam Smith’s theory on economic productivity- Argued for the encouragement of free markets and unfettered economic interchange within and between nations.Laissez Faire ,basically saying hands off government. Argued that businesses and nations benefit from a free market where each party seeks to maximize its comparative economic advantage.Economic productivity is based on the division of labor. If the work process is subdivided among workers,each specializing in one aspect of the product, thousands could be produced in a day.Capitalism.0.591

6. What country was the most important to the spread of the Enlightenment?-France What city was at the center?-Paris P. 591

7.  What was the role of women during the Enlightenment?-Some women protested their execution from full participation in intellectual life. Only through equal access to education,full citizenship, and financial autonomy could women’s full potential as individuals and as wives and mothers be achieved. P. 592-593

8. Which social class in France did the Enlightenment have the greatest impact on?-the bourgeoisie were the group in French society most influenced by Enlightenment thought, embracing ideas of rights and governance. They wanted more political power  P.  593****

Chapter 22: 

9. Who was Simon Bolivar?- witnessed firsthand the excitement and fear caused by the rising empire of Napoleon Bonaparte in the aftermath of the French revolution. What European Revolution inspired his desire to liberate South America?-Inspired by the French example,he pledged to play his part to liberate South America from the Spanish empire and thus advance the cause of liberty for all mankind. P. 608

10. Where was he from?-Grown up in one of the richest towns in Venezuela. P. 610

11. When did Bolivar drive the Spanish out of Peru?-He proved himself a brilliant military leader. In1824 when he drove the spanish army from peru he fulfilled the oath he had taken in rome.Turning independence for, spanish rule into true liberty for the people of south america. 610

12.  How did the Enlightenment influence Latin American and Caribbean revolutionaries?-the revolutionaries also believed that prejudice and tradition would give way to rationality and enlightenment and that new political and social systems would both guarantee liberty and provide order and security. P. 610

13. What enlightenment values did the American Constitution not fully achieve?- the north american colonists had broken free and founded a democratic republic that was the french rev. Which swung violently from constitutional monarchy to radical republic to military dictatorship. Equality 

P. 610****

14. What enlightenment thinker’s ideas were written into the Declaration of Independence?-John Locke “consent of governed” p.612 

15.  What treaty officially gave American colonies independence from England? What year? - the treaty of paris, 1783 when the british acknowledged the independence of the new United States of America. 

P. 613

16. Who were the philosophes?-thinkers who spread enlightenment ideas. How did they impact the French revolution?Paris was the active center of ideas and information. Pg 618 

17. What military leader took power during the final stages of the French Revolution?-Napoleon Bonaparte who not only restored French order but extended French power across Europe. Pg 618 

18.  Describe the Estates General?- each of the French orders in society would send representatives.  Was it fair and equal?- there was an odd amount of estates which was fair but two estates could easily outrule the other. How was it divided?- The first estate consisted of the catholic church, the second estate consisted of the nobility, and the third estate comprised of everyone else(the vast majority of french men and women) Pg. 619

19. Describe the National Assembly's "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen" -the third estate took things into their own hands and instead of meeting in an assembly hall, they met on a tennis court and took an oath not to disband until a constitutional monarchy has been established.This was a clear sign that the third state believed in that sovereignty lay with the people and their representatives and not with the king.

DOTROMATC: “men are born and remain free and equal in rights,” that “the natural and inalienable rights of man” are “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.”That all citizens are eligible for government positions.

P. 619-620

20. Describe the role of Women during the French Revolution?Women arranged and hosted  the salons (drawing rooms) of paris by means and education. These salons brought philosophical and artistic discussions into the homes of the elite. How important were they during the revolution? What actions did they take?- they marched Marched to the King’s palace and demanded he move the court to Paris 🡪 wanted him to show support for the new Assembly

 P. 620

Drivers of Rev. Mothers were upset that their children were starving and they marched to versailles to king louie and wanted him to support for the new assembly.They wanted him to move court to paris

People were angered by the high price of bread and distrustful intentions of the king. The women took place in a “March of the Women” because of the preponderance of housewives and market women in its ranks.The marches forced the king and his family to leave versailles and return to his palace in the heart of paris to keep a close eye on him.

21. What was Robespierre’s vision?- a form of direct democracy practiced by enlightened citizens, but he rejected the checks on government power proposed by Motesquieu and implemented the constitution of the United States. P. 621

22.  Who were the Jacobin- the radical republican faction led by Maximilien Robespinerre What were the results of their rule?- the Jacobins regarded the catholic church as an outmoded den of superstition and corruption,especially in the provinces,  the catholics deeply resented these attacks on the church.The republic confiscated lands belonging to the church and to the nobility and abolished slavery in the french empire,everyone rich or poor was addressed as citizens.Symbolized the new beginning age called “year one”,marking victory over the old christian faith. What countries challenged them during their rule?- Prussia and austria. P. 622

23. What historical empire did Napoleon get inspiration from?- the ancient roman empire P. 623

24.  What territory did Napoleon conquer?-France What territory was he unable to conquer?Russia, his soldiers died off due to the unbearable cold  weather.P. 626

25. What was the deciding factor that led to independence in Haiti? -As Haiti rebels kept up the fight,Napoleon's soldiers lacked immunity to tropical diseases,and succumbed to malaria and yellow fever. His troops later on withdrew and they became independent. P. 628 

Unit 5 and 6 Study Guide

26. Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?- a military and political leader who gained independence and abolished slavery becoming the first black-ruled republic in the Americas.  What revolution did he lead? -leader of the Haitian Rev. Why is he important? He was born a slave but had been educated by a priest and worked in his master's house instead of the fields. Was exiled in France.P. 628

27. What South American country was first to gain its independence from Spain?-Venezuela which became the first such body in Latin America to declare independence from Spain. P. 630 

28. What tactics did Latin American revolutionary leaders use to gain their independence?-Local elites created ruling groups called juntas to assert local rule.Loyalists made the former argument,while republicans saw the chance to win complete independence.The division of opinion meant that republicans would have to fight against localists as well as Spanish troops.These peninsulares dominated the affairs of church and state,much to the frustration of ambitious criollos who felt that the existing system was an impediment to their rightful place as leading member of their communities.  P. 629

Chapter 23:

29. The Industrial Revolution was characterized by changes in what?- coal-driven steam engines unleashed the power of fossil fuels in the industrializing economies of western europe and the united states,driving the machinery of new factories and propelling steamships and locomotives. More efficient transportation bound the entire world's people more tightly in networks of trade and communication.Rapid social change further stimulated debates. P.642

30. How did the Industrial Revolution start? -The unlocking of fossil fuels that was a key source of energy,the global population doubled,innovations:new forms of energy,new inventions,new ways of organizing human labor,etc… Burning coal to drive steam engines,applying those steam engines to power machinery and organizing mechanical processes in factories to centralize and rationalize the division of labor.P. 643-44

31. Where did the Industrial Revolution start?-Britain When did it take place?-1765-1850

32. As the Industrial Revolution became a global process, industrial nations developed what? -machine tools/industrial products. Factories, well-established trade and communications infrastructure.P  644

33. Who was James Watt?- a Scottish inventor  What did he develop?- he developed the world's first powerful, workable, and cost-effective steam engine.One of the most important contributors to Britain's Industrial Revolution. P. 644

34. What industry was most affected by the early changes during the industrial revolution?-textile industry, steam power and division of labor combined to reach full potential What changes happened within this industry?-merchandising the spinning process making it possible to produce much greater quantities of high-quality cotton thread. P. 645

35. Why did transportation boom during this time period?- the revolution in transportation and communications dramatically increased the pace of global interactions and people around the world consumed inexpensive factory-produced goods.

36. What caused the shift from water to rail transportation? - Water transport had always been more efficient than transport by land, but as the price of iron dropped,railroads became a viable alternative. Railroads were not only an efficient and inexpensive means of transporting freight, but they transported people more cheaply and comfortably than stagecoach.P.  646

37. What effects did the steam ship have on transportation?-United States benefited most from steamships,large waterways like the Mississippi River conveyed people and goods over great distances and helped integrate the young country economically and culturally.They reduced transportation times and shipping costs. P. 646

38. How did the textile industry affect India? - after the british gained control over india,the export of raw indian cotton replaced the export of finished cloth,India suffered a process of deindustrialization during the early mid-nineteenth century as unemployed Indian spinners,weavers, and dryers fled to the countryside.P. 646-47

39. Who was Muhammad Ali-witnessed firsthand the superiority of European weaponry and knew that his regime needed to keep up with the latest advancements.He encouraged cotton production to pay for railroads,factories,guns,while sending science and engineering students to study in France.Ali focused on increasing the production of raw cotton and investing profits in Egypt's own industrial production. He also focused on the production of weapons and textiles. (not the boxer!) How did he finance the industrialization of his country? -heavily promoting cotton productionP. 648

40. How did the middle and upper class view the poor in England?- the british lower and middle classes had no right to vote or influence policy.The upper classes believed that the poor were responsible for their own fate.If people are so poor they should likely die.They should do so and decrease the surplus population.  P. 651

41. Who became the dominant power in Central Europe?-Austrian Empire that was ruled by the Habsburg Family P. 653

42. Who was Karl Marx?-argued that human history has been shaped by economic conflict and class struggles,share things equally,wealth distributed evenly  What were his ideas? - he believed in socialism,production owned and controlled by society either direct or through the government.

43. Who was Darwin?-an English natural historian. What were his ideas?-Believed that the long-term biologic change,or evolution also characterized natural history.His search was for the mechanism of the evolutionary process.He explained that the origins of all life resulted from competition for survival. P. 661

Chapter 24:

44.  What is Opium?- it's a highly effective painkiller that also induces lethargy and a sense of hopelessness. How did the British East India Company use it to their advantage in China?- They developed poppy plantations in South Asia,refined the poppy seeds into opium and smuggled the narcotic into China. The strategy was economically really smart, and narcotics created their own demand through drug addictions.What were its effects? - it was a drug addiction and addicts neglect their own health and the care of their dependents. P. 675-76

45.  In what ways did Britain and Queen Victoria impose unequal rule over China?- P. 684

46. What was the Taiping Rebellion?- a massive rebellion against the Qing led by Hong Xiuquan who claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ came to earth and to create a “heavenly kingdom of great peace. Mixed Christianity with peasant yearnings for fairness and justice. Was it successful, why or why not?- Hong attracted many followers for his vision of reform.The Taiping rebels had defeated an imperial army sent to crush them.After that the Taiping rebels had no more victories.Taiping were unable to recruit experienced administrators because of their religious beliefs and they did nothing to form foreign alliances that may have altered the balance of power in their favor.  P. 677

47. What area did France take after the naval defeat of the Qing?-Southeast Asia. P. 679

48. What was the importance of the Sino Japanese War?- marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire. The war grew out of conflict between the two countries for supremacy in Korea.What territory did it involve- Japan and Qing China came into conflict with Korea where an uprising against the Choson dynasty drew both Chinese and Japanese military forces.

P. 679

49. What was the Boxer Rebellion?-chinese uprising triggered by a secret society called the society of righteous and harmonious fists.An anti western group. Intended to drive out westerners and resulted instead in a foreign occupation of beijing. P. 681

50. When did Japan and the United States first meet?-The arrival of a U.S fleet, isolation from the west was no longer possible. P. 681

51. Who controlled India during the 19thCentury?-Britain P. 692

52. What was the Indian Revolt of 1857? -a revolt of indian soldiers against British officers when they were required to use greased ammunition they suspected were being used to pollute them and cause them to convert to christianity.It spread across north india.Who were the Sepoys?-the two hundred thousand indian soldiers commanded by british officers. How did the revolt start? -Britain's introduction to a new faster-loading rifle for its troops.Soldiers would bite off the ends of their guns ammunition which were greased. How did it end?-some sepoys were imprisoned, groups of soldiers killed british officers and railled for support for the restoration of the aging mughal emperor.Even after order was restored,bitterness caused by such violence was an enduring tension underlying race relations in the British Raj which further increased segregation. P. 693 

Unit 5 and 6 Study Guide

Chapter 26:

53. What were the major causes of the scramble for Africa in the 1880’s?-a continent of immense cultural and geographic complexity.People were trying to claim territories as quickly as possible even if they had no economic value.People would fight with each other because the people who claimed parts of Africa had no care for the people, and this would result in fighting and disagreements.Especially because Africa is rich with resources. P. 737-740

54.  What was the Berlin Conference?- a conference organized by Otto von Bismarck to establish rules for the partition of Africa.Representatives of major European states divided Africa themselves.  Who called for it?- Otto von Bismarck What did it decide? -the division of Africa,effective occupation. Who got what and why?-?? P. 737-740

55. What were the differences between Indian Colonialism and African Colonialism?-African farmers planted and processed oil products for the export markets and many west africans became wealthy. Political power remained within African kingdoms and chiefdoms. P. 740