his tory exam
UNIT 1 GEOGRAPHY
Permafrost - ground that has been frozen for 2 years
Latitude - measures the distance north or south of the equator
Deciduous - (of a tree or shrub) shedding its leaves annually.
Major Western Port Cities - San Diego, Los Angeles, Long Beach, Hueneme, Oakland
Fall Line - the imaginary line between two parallel rivers, at the point where rivers plunge, or fall, at roughly the same elevation.
Major Eastern Port Cities - Ports of New York & New Jersey. Port of Savannah. Port of Charleston.
Evergreens - A plant whose leaves remain green all year. (Christmas trees for example)
Longitude - distance east or west of the prime meridian.
Death Valley - A national park, known for having the highest recorded temperature in the world
Plateau - A patch of land higher in elevation that the land around it, also flat on top
UNIT 2 EXPLORATION
Renaissance - Known as the “Age of Discovery” as voyagers launched several expeditions to travel the entire planet. Several important discoveries were made during this.
Revisionism - support of ideas and beliefs that differ from and try to change accepted ideas and beliefs, it’s usually seen as wrong or dishonest
Crusades - The Crusades were a series of military campaigns organised by popes and Christian western powers to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land back from Muslim control and then defend what they won from it.
Circumnavigate - to travel around something (can be the earth or a building, anything counts)
Conquistador - A conqueror, usually from spain or mexico in the 16th century
Ferdinand Magellan - a Portuguese explorer best known for having planned and led the 1519–1522 Spanish expedition to the East Indies.
Vespucci - an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Florence who named America
Bartholomew Dias - the first European mariner to round the southern tip of Africa, opening the way for a sea route from Europe to Asia.
Sagas - a long detailed account
Vasco Da Gama - Portuguese explorer who was the first to sail from Europe to India by rounding Africa's Cape of Good Hope (Don’t confuse with Bartholomew Dias)
UNIT 3 COLONIAL AMERICA
House of Burgesses - the first democratically-elected legislative body in the British American colonies
Salutary Neglect - the British policy of letting the colonies ignore most of the British Laws.
Indentured Servants - a labor contract in which an individual works without pay to repay an indenture or loan over time, commonly several years
Martial Law - law administered by the military rather than by a civilian government, typically to restore order.
Joint Stock Company - a business owned by its shareholders, who can buy and sell shares freely
Royal Colony - colonies that were governed by people appointed by the King
UNIT 4 AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Albany Plan - The Albany Plan of Union was a plan to place the British North American colonies under a more centralized government.
Patriots - a person who really supports their country and is prepared to defend it against enemies or detractors.
Sons of Liberty - was established to undermine British rule in colonial America and was influential in organizing and carrying out the Boston Tea Party.
George Whitefield - founded the Methodist movement
Loyalists - American colonists who remained faithful to the British Crown (aka their king/queen)
Boycott - to stop buying or using the goods or services of a certain company or country as a protest
Actual Representation - means that people vote for and have direct contact with representatives who speak for them and their needs
Direct Tax - tax that the taxpayer pays directly to the government
Indirect Tax - tax that can be passed on-or shifted-to another person or group by the person or business that owes it.
Virtual Representation - people are represented by officials who are not directly elected by them
Jonathan Edwards - started the Great Awakening in 1734 with his sermon series, "Justification by Faith Alone"
UNIT 5 CONSTITUTION
Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments)
1. First Amendment: Freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and petition.
2. Second Amendment: Right to bear arms.
3. Third Amendment: No soldiers in homes without consent.
4. Fourth Amendment: Police require a warrant to search.
5. Fifth Amendment: Rights when accused, including not self-incriminating.
6. Sixth Amendment: Right to a speedy trial, jury, and legal counsel.
7. Seventh Amendment: Jury trials for civil cases.
8. Eighth Amendment: No cruel or excessive punishments.
9. Ninth Amendment: Other rights exist beyond those listed.
10. Tenth Amendment: Powers not given to the federal government belong to the states or people.
Federalists - Supporters of federal government
Antifederalists - opposed the ratification of the 1787 U.S. Constitution
UNIT 6 WESTWARD EXPANSION
Northwest Passage - represented a new route to the established trading nations of Asia.
Lewis & Clark - expedition to cross the newly acquired western portion of the country after the Louisiana Purchase.
Gadsden Purchase - the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 square mile portion of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico.
Daniel Boone – Pioneer and frontiersman who explored and settled Kentucky.
Manifest Destiny – The belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent.
Louisiana Purchase – The 1803 land purchase from France that doubled the size of the U.S.
Eli Whitney – Inventor of the cotton gin and pioneer of interchangeable parts.
Cotton Gin – A machine that quickly separates cotton fibers from seeds.
Erie Canal & its effects – A waterway connecting the Hudson River to Lake Erie, boosting trade and westward expansion.
UNIT 7 CIVIL WAR
Robert E. Lee – Confederate general who led the Army of Northern Virginia.
Jefferson Davis – President of the Confederate States of America.
Capital of the Union – Washington, D.C.
Abraham Lincoln – 16th U.S. president who led during the Civil War and abolished slavery.
Ulysses S. Grant – Union general who led the North to victory in the Civil War.
Harriet Beecher Stowe – Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a novel opposing slavery.
Dred Scott – Enslaved man who sued for his freedom in a landmark Supreme Court case.
Capital of the Confederacy – Richmond, Virginia.
Union Plan to end the war – Anaconda Plan, a strategy to blockade Southern ports and control the Mississippi River.
Southern Plan to win the war – Defensive strategy to outlast the North and gain foreign support.
Review events on Tensions Building and Irreversible Conflict worksheets.