Environmental determinism:

• Belief that environment determines human behavior

• Harsh environments lead to less developed societies

• Popular in 19th and early 20th centuries

Environmental possibilism:

• Environment influences but does not determine human behavior

• Humans can adapt and overcome environmental constraints

• Popular in modern geography

Cultural syncretism:

• Definition: Fusion of different cultural elements

• Examples: Jazz music, Tex-Mex cuisine

• Result of: Trade, migration, colonization

• Impact: Creates unique identities, fosters understanding

• Challenges: Loss of traditional practices, cultural appropriation

Debt for nature

• Purpose: Swap debt for environmental conservation efforts

• Process: Countries reduce debt in exchange for protecting nature

• Benefits: Promotes sustainability, biodiversity conservation

• Examples: Costa Rica, Peru, Philippines

• Organizations: Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy

Employment Sectors

• Healthcare: Provides medical services

• Technology: Develops software and hardware

• Finance: Manages money and investments

• Education: Instructs students and conducts research

• Retail: Sells goods to consumers

Transition explains

• Types of transitions: demographic, epidemiological, energy, industrial, and urban

• Factors influencing transitions: economic development, technology, government policies

• Impacts of transitions: changes in population structure, health outcomes, resource consumption

• Theories of transition: demographic transition model, epidemiological transition model

• Case studies: China's one-child policy, energy transition in Germany

Epidemiologic transition

• Definition: Shift in disease patterns over time

• Stages: Age of pestilence, age of receding pandemics, age of degenerative and man-made diseases

• Factors: Improved sanitation, healthcare, nutrition

• Implications: Increased life expectancy, chronic diseases prevalence

Population Map Distortion

• Population map distortion: Misrepresentation of population density

• Causes: Uneven distribution, scale of mapping, data accuracy

• Effects: Misleading perceptions, inaccurate resource allocation

• Solutions: Use cartograms, adjust scale, verify data sources

Malthus Incorrect Prediction

• Malthus predicted population growth would outstrip food supply

• Failed to account for technological advancements in agriculture

• Overlooked improvements in distribution systems

• Ignored impact of education and family planning on birth rates

Infant mortality and fertility

• Infant mortality:

  • Definition: Death of infants under 1 year old

  • Factors: Access to healthcare, sanitation, nutrition

  • Impacts: Health indicators, population growth

• Fertility:

  • Definition: Ability to conceive children

  • Factors: Age, health, contraception use

  • Impacts: Population growth, demographic trends

Pro natalist policies

• Incentives for having children: financial benefits, tax breaks

• Support for working parents: affordable childcare, parental leave

• Promoting positive attitudes towards parenthood

• Addressing barriers to starting a family: housing affordability, work-life balance

• Encouraging larger families through social norms and values

Federal vs Unitary State role

• Federal State

  • Power divided between central and regional governments

  • Regional governments have autonomy in certain areas

  • Examples: USA, Germany

• Unitary State:

  • Central government holds most power

  • Regional governments have limited authority

  • Examples: France, Japan

Primate cities vs world cities

• World Cities:

  • Highly developed urban centers

  • Major financial, cultural, and political influence

  • Global connectivity and importance

• Primate Cities:

  • Dominant city in a country

  • Disproportionately larger than other cities

  • Political, economic, and cultural hub

African VS Latin American demographic

• Africa: Youngest population, high fertility rates, rapid urbanization

• Latin America: Aging population, declining fertility rates, high urbanization rate

Economic scales

• GDP: Total value of goods and services produced in a country

• GNP: Total income earned by a country's residents

• CPI: Measures inflation by tracking changes in prices of goods and services

• Unemployment rate: Percentage of people without jobs in the labor force

• Poverty rate: Percentage of population living below the poverty line

Right of Passage

• Right of Passage:

  • Definition: Legal right to travel through another country without hindrance

  • Types: Innocent passage, transit passage, archipelagic sea lanes passage

  • Governed by: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

  • Importance: Facilitates international trade and diplomatic relations

Urbanization + Economic Development

• Urbanization:

  • Definition: Process of population shift from rural to urban areas

  • Causes: Industrialization, job opportunities, better living standards

  • Impacts: Infrastructure strain, environmental degradation, social inequality

• Economic Development:

  • Definition: Progress in economic factors like GDP, employment, and income

  • Factors: Education, technology, infrastructure, political stability

  • Measures: GDP growth rate, GINI coefficient, Human Development Index

Scale of Analysis

• Global scale: Examines patterns and processes that operate at an international level

• Regional scale: Focuses on interactions within a specific geographic region

• Local scale: Investigates phenomena at a community or city level

• National scale: Analyzes trends and issues within a country

• Individual/household scale: Studies behavior and decision-making at a personal level

Scale comparisons

• Large scale: Shows small area in great detail

• Small scale: Shows large area with less detail

• Scale bar: Represents distance on map

• Scale ratio: Shows relationship between map and real world

• Verbal scale: Describes map distance in words

Uneven development

• Definition: Uneven development is the unequal distribution of resources, wealth, and opportunities among regions or countries.

• Causes: Historical legacies, globalization, government policies.

• Consequences: Economic disparities, social unrest, political instability.

• Examples: Digital divide, urban-rural divide, North-South divide.

• Solutions: Redistributive policies, investment in education and infrastructure, international cooperation.

Postindustrial Cities

• Deindustrialization: Shift from manufacturing to service-based economy

• Urban renewal projects: Revitalize city centers

• Economic diversification: Encourage growth in new industries

• Gentrification: Displacement of low-income residents

• Infrastructure improvements: Enhance transportation and utilities

Original CBD land values

• CBD (Central Business District) is the commercial and business center of a city

• Land values in the CBD are highest due to prime location and accessibility

• Factors influencing CBD land values include proximity to transportation hubs and amenities

• CBD land values impact urban development and land use planning

• Understanding CBD land values is crucial in urban geography and real estate analysis

Commodity dependent countries

• Reliance on export of primary goods

• Vulnerability to price fluctuations

• Limited economic diversification

• Challenges in industrial development

• Impact on government revenue

• Influence of global demand

• Importance of resource management

• Socioeconomic implications

• Need for sustainable strategies

Mapping production regions

• United States: Midwest region

• Brazil: Mato Grosso

• China: Northeast region

• Russia: Volga region

• India: Punjab region

Changing state scales

• Scale refers to the size of the geographic area being studied

• Changing state scale impacts governance, policies, and resource management

• Shifts in state scale can lead to changes in power dynamics and international relations

• Examples include devolution, secession, and annexation

• State scale changes can result from factors like political movements, conflicts, or economic considerations

Types of boundaries

• Political boundaries: Defined by governments

• Physical boundaries: Natural features like rivers

• Cultural boundaries: Based on cultural differences

• Geometric boundaries: Straight lines without regard to physical or cultural features

Different religions + what they practice

• Christianity: Monotheistic, Bible, Jesus Christ

• Islam: Five Pillars, Quran, Muhammad

• Hinduism: Reincarnation, Karma, Vedas

• Buddhism: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, Siddhartha Gautama

Creolization

• Definition: Process of blending different cultures into a new distinct culture

• Characteristics: Hybrid language, customs, beliefs

• Examples: Gullah language, Caribbean cuisine

• Impact: Formation of unique identities, cultural diversity

• Factors: Colonialism, migration, trade

Central Place theory range

• High-order goods/services: Larger range, lower threshold population

• Low-order goods/services: Smaller range, higher threshold population

• Range: Maximum distance customers willing to travel

• Threshold: Minimum population needed to support a service

• Central place: Provides goods/services to surrounding areas

Cultural landscapes

• Cultural landscapes reflect human activity

• They are shaped by cultural beliefs and practices

• Include buildings, agriculture, and infrastructure

• Can be impacted by globalization and urbanization

• UNESCO recognizes significant cultural landscapes

Demographic Transition Models

• Stage 1: High birth and death rates

• Stage 2: High birth rates, declining death rates

• Stage 3: Declining birth rates, low death rates

• Stage 4: Low birth and death rates

• Stage 5: Declining population

• Helps predict population trends

Shatterbelt regions

• High ethnic diversity: Various ethnic groups

• Frequent conflicts: Political instability

• External interventions: Influence from outside powers

• Strategic importance: Geopolitical significance

• Tensions between neighboring states: Border disputes

Map scales

• Large scale: Shows small area in great detail

• Small scale: Shows large area with less detail

• Representative fraction: Scale ratio

• Verbal scale: Scale expressed in words

• Graphic scale: Scale shown as a line with distances

Joining the EU

• Benefits of EU membership:

  • Access to single market

  • Economic growth and investment

  • Political stability

• Criteria for joining:

  • Stable institutions

  • Respect for human rights

  • Economic compatibility

• Process:

  • Application

  • Negotiation of terms

  • Ratification by existing members

Solar Panel Farms

• Location selection based on sunlight exposure

• Photovoltaic panels convert sunlight into electricity

• Inverter converts DC to AC electricity

• Grid connection for power distribution

• Maintenance for optimal performance

GII pattern

• Gender Inequality Index (GII) measures gender disparities

• Factors include reproductive health, empowerment, labor market

• Higher GII indicates greater gender inequality

• Helps identify areas for improvement in gender equality

• Published by the United Nations Development Programme

Universalizing VS Ethnic religions + examples

• Universalizing religions: Aim to appeal to all people, actively seek converts

• Ethnic religions: Tied to a particular ethnic group, not seeking converts

• Examples of universalizing religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

• Examples of ethnic religions: Hinduism, Shintoism, Native American religions