WEEK-3

College of Arts and Sciences

• Institution: Our Lady of Fatima University, Pampanga Campus.

Lesson 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

• Focus of Lesson: Understand the process of reviewing literature relevant to research.

Learning Content

1. Select relevant literature.

2. Cite related literature using American Psychological Association (APA) Standard.

3. Synthesize information from relevant literature.

4. Write coherent review of literature.

5. Follow ethical standards in writing related literature.

6. Present written review of literature.

What is a Review of Related Literature?

• Definition: A summary of the existing knowledge on a research problem/topic.

  • Involves analysis and synthesis of articles related to the research topic.

• Processes involved:

  1. Searching for relevant articles.

  2. Reading and analyzing research reports.

  3. Writing a description of the existing information ethically and based on standards.

Types of Literature

Research Literature

• Also known as empirical references.

• Based on research findings with data supported by evidence.

• Examples: Journal articles, literature reviews, abstracts of research studies.

Non-Research References

• Not based on research findings.

• Provide insights but have limited use in reviews of related literature.

• Examples: Literary/artistic works, opinion articles, brochures, magazines, anecdotes.

Abstract

• Definition: A brief summary of the study, typically 150-250 words.

• Should inform readers about:

  • Background

  • Methodology

  • Results

  • Conclusion

• Tip: Write the abstract last, before proofreading.

Example of Abstract from Published Research

Qualitative Study

• Aim: To understand experiences of single males married to single mothers and their adjustments as instant fathers.

• Methods: Conducted unstructured audiotape interviews with five selected participants from the local community in NCR and Rizal.

• Results: Developed a Stepparenting Transitional Model (Searching, Demanding, Merging, Stabilizing, Implicating Stages).

• Conclusion: The adjustment process in stepfamilies is complex but similar to typical family dynamics.

Structure of Introduction (Qualitative Thesis and Research Paper)

1. Abstract

2. Introduction: Explains the study problem and context.

3. Literature Review

   • Local Literature

   • Foreign Literature

Standards and Styles in Review of Related Literature

Citation

• Definition: A citation serves as a signpost (location of a source) and an acknowledgment (credit to the source).

• Evidence of scholarly writing; shows well-researched position.

• Formats: In-text citations, footnotes, endnotes.

Example of an APA In-Text Citation

1. Narrative In-Text Citation: (Author's last name, Publication year, Page number)

   • e.g., Allen (2020) found that the existence of alien lifeforms is probable (p.33).

2. Parenthetical In-Text Citation: (Allen, 2019)

How to Organize an APA Reference List

• Arrange references in alphabetical order based on the author's last name.

• Example Format:

  • Author's last name, First initial. Middle initial (if available). Title of the work. Publication Year. Publisher.

Properly Citing Sources

Implicit Statement

• Citation appears at the end of the sentence.

  • e.g., A higher educational compatibility e-learning system facilitates learning processes (Xu & Wang, 2006).

Explicit Author Statement

• Author's names first, followed by year.

  • e.g., Taylor and Todd (1995) suggested...

Introductory Phrase with Verb

• Author's names initially in sentence.

  • e.g., As suggested by Taylor and Todd (1995)...

APA Documentation Format

• Establishes the proper citation format for the development of the reference list.

Additional Resources

Citation Generators

• MyBib: Online tool for generating citations in APA format.

  • Use identifiers like ISBN, DOI, or URLs for accuracy.