Untitled Flashcards Set

5.2 - manifest Destiny

Conflicts over texas

Background:

After winning independence from spain in1823. Mexico tried to get anglo settlers into the northern territory of Texas

Moses Austin. An later his son Stephen F. Austin Successfully obtained a land grant. Brining 300 Anglo families into the territory

1830- American Settelrs land enslaved people outnumbered Mexicans 3 to 1

Mexico heightened tension between the settlers and the mexican government in 1829

Outlaws slavery

Required all immigrants to be Roman Catholic

Most settlers refused to obey

Mexico closed texas to settlers

Americans ignored this and continued to move into texas

Revolt and Independence:

1834- General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna installs himself as dictator of mexico

Abolishes central gov. in mexico

Attemps to enforce laws in texas

1830- Sam houston revolts and declares texas independent

Establishes pro-slavery constiutiution

Battle of the Alamo - Mexican troops easily defeat the texans. Killing them all

Battle of San Jacinto - Texan troops suprise Mexican Forces

Take Santa Anna hostage and force him to sign treaty naming texas independent

Mexican Legislator rejects treaty

Sam Houstoun applies for statehood

Denied by jackson and van buren for fears over the slavery question and fears over war with mexico

John Tyler Tried to annex Taylor, but US senate rejects it in 1844

Conflicts over Maine and Oregon

In the 1840s, the boundary between Maine and British Candidan New Brunswick was unclear.

Sentiments against the British were generally negative after the revolution and the War of 1812

Tension broke into violence between lumber workers in the region

Aroostook War, or the “Battle of the Maps””

Webster - Ashburton Treaty 1842 -

Signed between US Sec. of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton

Disputed territory was split between Maine and British Canada

Set the boundary of the Minnesota territory

Iron-rich Mesabi Range stays on US side

Boundry Disputes in Oregon:

Oregon territory had been claimed by Spain, Russia, GB, and US

Spain gave up claim in Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819

GB claimed land because of Hudson’s Bay Company’s profitable fur trade, but few British lived in the territory

US claimed the territory based on:

Exploration of Columbia River by Captain Robert Gray in 1792

Lewis and Clark expeditions in 1805

Fur trading posts in Astoria, Oregon

Successful US farms in Willamette Valley

By 1844, Americans believed annexation of Oregon Territory, Texas, and the Mexican owned California was their Manifest Destiny

The election of 1844 and the annexation of texas:

Election of 1844

The Texas issue and the expansion of slavery split the Democratic Party in 1844

Northern Democrats opposed annexation

Wanted to nominated former President Martin Van Buren

Southern Whigs supported slavery and annexation

Wanted to nominated former VP John C. Calhoun of S. Carolina

Debated over the nominations ended in nomination of James K. Polk

Wanted annexation of Texas and California, and reoccupation of all of Oregon Territory

“Fifty Four Forty or Fight!”

Whig nominee Henry Clay alienated New York by being wishy washy about Texas.

Allowed democrats to win

Makes annexation of Texas a mandate for the union

Annexation of Texas

On his way out, Tyler pushes the inevitable annexation of Texas through Congress

Pushes for a joint resolution (simple majority) rather than a treaty (⅔ vote).

Tyler leaves Polk with the problem of Mexico’s reaction

Dividing Oregon - 1846

Polk pretty much immediately backs down from “54 40 or fight” slogan.

Signs agreement with British to divide Oregon territory at the 49th parallel.

US gives Vancouver Island and the right to nativage the Columbia River to the British

Northerners viewed treaty as sellout to South because took British Columbia away as a source of future free states.

To avoid war with GB and Mexico, treaty is approved

5.3 Manifest Destiny And the Mexican American War.

Immediate causes of the war

President Polk sent john slidell to

1: presuade mexico to sell california and New mexico territories to the us

2: Settle the Texas border at the rio grande. Mexico refused and insisted the border of texas was the nueces river.

Polk had General Zachary Taylor move troops into the disputed territory between the nueces and Rio grande.

Mexico took a fort in the disputed area

Polk said the US had been invaded

Mexico said it was defending its own land.

Northern whigs opposed the war

Due to polks claims, the majority of both sides supported the war effort

Polks message to congress was approved.

General Zachary taylor in mexico

Took 6000 men to cross the rio grande

after victory at buena vista president polk sent Winfield Scott into C. Mexico

Captured mexico City in 1847

Consequences Of the War

Treaty of guadalupe Hidalgo 1848-

Mexico Recognized rio grande as southern border of texas.

Mexican Cession - Us takes posession of California and New Mexico.

US paid mexico 15 mil and took responsibility for any US claims against Mexico.

Some whigs opposed treaty

Thought it was attempt to expand slavery

Some Southern Democrats didnt like it because they wanted all of mexico.

Wilmot Proviso:

Proposed slavery to be prohibited in land won from mexico

Wanted to preserve land for white settlers

Reduced job competition

Passed House of Representative twice, failed in senate

Impact:

Intesnly renewed debate over the extension of slavery

North saw it as southern plot to extend slave power

Led in part to civil war.

5.4- Compromise of 1850

southern expansion

SOutherners were upset about the Missouri Compromise = No slavery louisianna purchase

Upset with mexican Cession = no southern lands in mexico

Ostend Manifesto

Walker expedition.

Gadsden Purchase(1853)

President pierce bought small piece of land from mexico for $10 mil

Best route for trasncontinental railroad.

southern section of new mexico and arizona.

Conflict over status of territories

Different positions on slavery in south

Free soil movement

Northern Democrats and Whigs want to prevent expansion of slavery into the west.

Free soil movement- 1848 opposed slavery in territory.

Southern Positions

Viewed restricting extension of slavery as violation of constitutional rights to move property.

Some wanted to extend missouri compromise line

Wanted more representation in congress

Compromise to preserve the union

*NM=New Mexico

*Cali= California

Election of 1848:

Democrats- Popular Sovereignty

Whigs- General Zachary Taylor - No position on slavery in territories(winner)

Free soil- Former pres. Martin van buren composed of anti-slavery whigs and antislavery democrats

President taylor supported immediate admission of Cali, NM, as free states.

Compromise of 1850

Admit cali as a free state

Divide remainder of Mexican Cession into Utah and NM = Popular Sovereignty

Gave disputed land in texas to new territories and fed government assumes texas debt

Ban slave trade

Adopt and enforce new fugitive slave laws

5.5- Sectional conflict: Regional Differences

Immigration controversy

Irish: ½ of all immigrants - 2 million total

Tenant farmers

Compete with african americans for domestic work and manual labor

Roman Catholicism

Boston, new york, Philadelphia

Many became politically active

Entered Democratic party

By 1800s controlled NYCs democratic organization, Tammany Hall.

German:

Economic hardships and failed democratic revolutions in Germany.

Skilled artisans and farmers

Moved through Old Northwest.

Opposed slavery

Roman Catholic or Lutheran.

Opposition to Immigration

Nativism - Concerned immigrants would take jobs, dilute culture.

Religious tension (Protestans VS roman Catholics)

Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner - Turned into the “know - nothing” party.

The Expanding Economy

Panic of 1857:

Financial panic caused sharp decrease in MW agricultural products and rise in unemployment in NE

Southerners believed this made plantation economy supreme.

Agitation over Slavery

Fugitive slave laws:

Anyone accused of being escaped was denied right to trial by jury

Anyone helping escaped enslaved people faced heavy penalties

Underground Railroad:

Loose network of activist who helped enslaved people escape to freedom in north

Harriet Tubman

Books on slavery:

Uncle Tom’s Cabin- Harriet Beecher Stowe

Showed horrors of slavery to north and Europe south saw it as north’s prejudice against south

Southern Reaction:

Proslavery whites used bible, philosophy, and constitution to condone slavery.

Proslavery books

Said slaves lived better than northern factory workers.

Impact:

Slavery= moral issue

South convinced north would ban slavery at all costs

5.6- Failure of Compromise.

National Parties In Crisis

Election of 1852

Whigs - Nominated Winfield Scott

Ignored slavery issue

Maintained party platform

Internal Improvements of roads and harbors.

Antislavery and Southern factions fought a lot, threatening to splinter the party.

Democrats - Nominated Franklin Pierce - Compromise candidate.

Thought all regions would like him

Northerner

Supported Fugitive Slave Laws

Democrats won all but four elector states.

The whig party was running out of steam.

Kansas - Nebraska Act

Democrats controlled both White House and Congress, but couldn’t ignore slavery issue.

Stephen A Douglas wanted to build transcontinental railroad through hometown of Chicago for Western settlement

Southerners wanted a Southern route.

Compromise:

Split Kansas into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska

Give them popular sovereignty over slave issue

Oppourtunity for South to expand slavery North of 36 30 Miss Comp line.

Enraged North

Passed in 1854

Extremists and Violence

Bleeding Kansas

Both slave holders and free soilers wanted to win Kansas, which was majority antislavery.

Slaveholders from Missouri came to set up homesteads and Free - Soilers sent antislavery settlers through the New England Emigrant Aid Company

Fighting broke out in what came to be known as “Bleeding Kansas”

Border Ruffians = made proslavery legislature in Lecompton, Kansas.

Anti slavery setters refused to recognize this gov’t. And made goven’t in Topeka.

Proslavery forces attacked free soil town killing 2

Abolitionist John Brown retailed attacking Pottawatomie Creek, killing 5.

Pierce and DC did nothing, further dividing Democratic Party.

Caning of Senator Sumner

Mass senator Charles Sumner attacked Dem party for inaction in speech.

Made personal charges against S. Carolina Senator, whose nephew Preston Brooks grew so upset he beat Sumner on the Congressional floor illustrating tension.

Birth of Republican Party

Slave issue split Dems into N. and S. Democrats

Whigs scattered

Nativists joined “Know Nothing” Party

Pro Slaver ex-whigs joined Democrats

Former whigs who opposed slavery formed Republican Party in 1854 as reaction to Kansas - Nebraska act.

Made up of free-soilers, anti-slavery Democrats and anti-slavery Whigs

Did not call for abolition, but rather the halting of slavery into the territories and repeal of FSL and KN act.

Became 2nd largest party in country.

Election of 1856

Democratic candidate James Buchanan won, but the Republicans won 11/16 free states.

Democrats feared Republicans could win without a single vote from the South.

Constitutional Issues

Lecompton Constitution

Asked Congress to accept the pro-slavery Lecompton, Kansas Constiution to admit Kansas as a slave state.

Both Congressional democrats and republicans rejected the proposal.

Showed weakness of Buchanan

Dred Scott v Sandford 1857

Enslaved man Dred Scott lived in free state of Wisconsin for 2 years before returning to Missouri. Sued Supreme Court for freedom

SC Justice Roger Taney was a Southern Dem. SC decided that

Dred Scott couldn’t sue at SC because Constitution did not say he was a citizen.

Enslaved people were property, Congress could not exclude the movement of property

Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Enraged the North

Essentially opened slavery to the West

Forced some democrats to try and support popular sovereignty without rejecting Dred Scott decision

Lincoln - Douglas Debates

Democrat Stephen Douglas VS Republican Abraham Lincoln for senator from Illinois.

Douglas was strong supporter of Popular Sovereignty and continued compromise.

Lincoln:

Moderate

Against expansion of slavery, not abolitionist.

“House - Divided” Speech

“I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free”

Made South view him as radical

Freeport Doctrine - Lincoln forced Douglas to rectify Dred Scott decision and popular sovereignty

Douglas supported pop. sov.

Angered dems who said Douglas didn’t support slavery enough

Douglas won, but lost support in the South.

Lincoln emerges as a national figure, and becomes the 1860 nominee for president

5.7- Election of 1860 and secession.

The Road To Secession

John Brown’s raid at harpers ferry 1859:

Armed sons and formerly enslaved people

Attacked Federak Arsenal at Harpers Ferry

Stopped and executed

Divided Northerners support

Breakup of Democratic Party

Split into northern and southern dems

North nominated STephen Douglas on Popular sovereignty

South Nominated John C. Breckinridge on unrestricted extension of slavery.

Republicans Nominated of Lincoln

Exclusion of slavery from territories

Republicans went with the moderate Lincoln.

South Threatened to secede if he won

A fourth Political Party

Constitutional Union Party

Nominated John Bell

Outcome:

Lincoln took all Northern Free states - 59% of electoral votes

Affirmed to the south that Republicans could win without a single Southern vote.

Secession of the Deep South

Steps Toward Secession

Secessionalist still called for a disunion

South Carolina Convetnion(1860) - Voted unanimously to secede to protect slavery

Within 6 weeks, Georgia, florida, alabama, mississipi, Louisiana, and texas followed name vp

Confederate states of america

Jefferson David named president

Alexander Stephens named VP

Crittenden Compromise

Lame Duck Buchananan did nothing to stop secession in his 5 months before lincoln took office

Congress Tried

Kentucky Senator John Crittenden KY proposed Crittenden Amendment.

Lincoln wouldn’t violate republican Platform and Accept amendment.

A Nation Divided

Fort Sumter:

Federal forts in secession states

Lincoln sent provisions

S. Carolina Chose to fire on union people

Confederates kept the fort uniting north to the war efforts

Lincoln calls for 75000 Volunteers.

Secession in the Upper SOuth

More states secede after Ft. Sumter

Virginia, N carolina, Teneesee, arkansas

W. Virginia remained oyal to union and made its own state in 1863

Confderate capital moved to Richman Virginia.

5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War.

War

Military and Eco. Diff.

Confederate advantages:

FIghting defensive war at home

High troop morale ( belived they were fighting against tyrannical gov. like revolutionaries)

FIghting for independence

Expireneced military leaders

european demanged for cotton(hopefully)

Union Advantages:

Much larger population

Bolstered by immigrants and African Americans.

Controlled Nations Eco.

Political Diff.

Confed. didn’t have strong central gov.

State’s rights became a liability during war.

Hoped people of union would turn against Lincoln.

Confed, states of america

President = Jefferson Davis.

Issued $1 bil in paper money causing inflation.

DIdnt have resource to survive war of attrition.

First years of a long war: 1861 - 1862

Union Strat.

3 part plan for victory

Anaconda Plan.

1. Use navy to blockade southern ports

2. control the mississipi river cutting confed.

3. Take richmond

Early Defeates:

First battle of the bull run - 1861

Under stonewall jackson, confed. troops counterattack. Union scatters

Ends any illusion of a short war.

Union tried their best:

Antietam(maryland) - 1862

Bloodiest day in US history

Basically a draw, but prevents EU. from supporting confed.

Foreign affairs and diplomacy

Failure of Cotton Diplomacy

GB found other sources of cotton egypt, India

GB also didnt recognized confed. Because

Draw at atemina

Emancipation proclimation

The union Triumphs: 1863-1865

Turning Points- July 1863

VIcksburg- Union controls Mississippi R, cuts confederacy in ½

Gettysburg- Bloodiest battle of war with 50k casualties. Destroyed part of confederate army, they retreat.

Gettysburg address- nov 1863.

Grant in command- War by attrition- wear down confederacy and destroy supply lines

Total war- Erode the will of the people fighting

Shermans march- 100k union soldiers go from tennesse southward carrying destruction with them.

Destroy everything - Burning cotton field, barns, houses

Ends campaign by setting fire to capital of south carolina.

End of the war

Confederate surrender:

Union blockade

Shermans march to the sea

Growing hunger in the south

Difficult winter.

Combined to allow the union troops to take richmond, virginia in april 1865

Surrender at appomattox courthouse, 1865

Confederate gov. tried to negotiate for peace

Lincoln would only accept reunion of the union

Confederates cut off after attempt to escape through mountians; forced to surrender

5.9- Government policies during the civil war

The end of slavery

Confiscation act:

Congress makes confiscation acts

Union can seize enemy property including enslaved people used to make war.

1000s escaped into union as contraband (made before emancipation thing)

Emancipation proclamation

January 1, 1863 frees all enslaved people in states outside of Union control

AFrican americans in the war

Over 200k freed ensalved people served in union army and navy

massachusetts 54th regiment - all black unit

Political change

Political Parties

Radical republicans - Abolition of slavery

Free Soil Republicans - Economic opprutunity for whites only

N. Democrats- Support the war but no lincoln

Copperheads- Opposed war, wanted peace'

The draft- All men 20-45 open to draft.

Could pay $300 fee to find substitute

poor laborers/immigrants upset

feared would go to war and come back to no obs

Draft riots- 1863- residents of NYC turn against black residents killing 117 people

Civil Libirties-

Lincoln suspended habes corpu

13k ppl arrested for suspected confed support

EX parte Miillian - SC said gov. unduly forced civilians to military trials.

Election of 1864-

Democrats nominate George McClellan - platform called for peace

Lincoln maintains republican nomination despite “ditch Lincoln” movement

War democrat from Tennessee Andrew Johnson is VP

Economic Change

Financing the war-

Union borrowed 2.6 Billion in government bonds

Raised tariffs, made income tax, excise taxes

Printed $430 million in paper money not backed by gold- *greenbacks

Inflation prices in North rose by about 80%

Modernizing Northern Economy -

Workers wages didnt keep with inflation, Northern Industrialization grew during the war

A class of American Millionaires grew as people capatilized on the war.

These profits overstimulated the economy of the north

Homestead act 1862 - 160 free eacers in great plains to families who farmed land for 5 years

Morrill Land Grant ACt 1862 - Federal land grants to found agg and tech colleges

Pacific railway act 1862 - Transcontinental Railroad.

Assassination of Lincoln

Lincoln urged the south to be treated fairly

April 14th, John Wilkes Booth - Confederate sympathizer - Killed lincoln at ford’s theater in Washington

Greatly hurt Reconstruction Effort.

5.10 Reconstruction

Presidential Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Plan - Believed the South was made up of a disloyal minority who never left the union. Began presidential reconstruction with his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction in 1863

Full pardons granted to Confederates who took an oath of allegiance to Union and US Constitution and acception emancipation of slaves

Government could be reestablished once 10% of population had taken oath (10% plan)

Wade - Davis Bill 1864 - Congressional response to plan. Stricter on South

50% of voters must do oath

Only non-Confeds could vote on new constitution

Freedmen’s Bureau - Provided food, shelter, medical aid for both Black and White Americans left destitute by war

Initially could resettle freedpeople on land, but Johnson eventually pardoned Confederates and gave them their land back

Biggest success was education

Johnson and Reconstruction - Southern Democrat chosen to get Democrats to vote for Lincoln. He was also, unfortunately, a white supremacist. In addition to Lincoln’s plan. Johnson also wanted

Disenfranchisement of all ex Confederates leaders and Confederates with more than 20,000$ taxable income.

Could grant pardon wealthy Southerners - and he did often.

Johnson’s Vetoes - Vetoed 29 bills in first term.

Clashed with moderate republicans

Vetoes two important bills

Expansion of protections and services for Freedmen’s bureau

Civil Rights Bill nullifying Black Codes

Congressional Reconstruction

Radical Republicans - Republican party was split between moderates (economic opp for Whites) and radicals (civil rights for Black citizens)

More became radical in 1866 - feared the Democratic party would grow back to power.

With emancipation, South now had more representatives in Congress and Electoral College

Supported many reform efforts like women’s suffrage, labor unions, civil rights.

Wanted military control in the South

Thirteenth Amendment - 1865 - Freed 4 million enslaved people in South and border states

Formerly enslaved people now had protection under Constitution

Civil Rights Act of 1866 - Congress moved to nullify Johnson’s vetoes

All African Americans were US citizens

Provide legal shield against Southern Black Codes

Feared repeal if Democrats took office

Fourteenth Amendment - 1866

All persons born in US are citizens

All citizens get equal protection of law

Former Confederate political leaders can’t hold state or federal office

Penalized states for keeping people from voting

Overturned Dred Scott Officially

Report of Joint Committee 1866 - Rejects Presidential reconstruction

Only Congress can readmit a state

Former Confederate states were not entitled to representation in Congress

Election of 1866 - Johnson ran against Congress.

Appealed to fears of racists

Republicans “waved bloody shirt” of war

Branded Democratic party as one of treason

Republicans win massive majority in both House and Senate

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Despite Johnson’s vetoes, Congress passess three acts

Place South under military control

Divides Confederacy into 5 military districts under control of Union army

Increased readmission requirements

Ex - Confeds had to ratify 14th amendment and guarantee right to vote

Johnson’s Impeachment and the Election of 1868

Johnson’s Impeachment - Congress passed Tenure of Office Act - prohibiting President from removing federal or military commander without Senate

Congress wanted to protect Radical Republicans in Johnson’s Cabinet like Edwin Stanton (controlled MIlitary governments in South)

Johnson challenged Constitutionality of law and dismissed Stanton

House impeached Johnson

Wasn’t removed by 1 vote.

In election year

Democrats made another nominee, so he’s time was limited anyways.

Election of 1868- Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant

Won only 300,00 more votes than Democrats

Small margin considering 500,000 African Americans voted for him.

Republicans realized they needed to solidify right for Black men to vote

Fifteenth Amendment - 1869 - States can’t deny right to vote based on race, color, previous condition of servitude”

States continued to pass measures to limit black vote

Civil Rights Act of 1875 - Last Civil Rights reform passed by Congress during reconstruction.

Equal Accommodation of public places

Can’t exclude African Americans from juries

Laws poorly enforced

1877 - tired of forcing unwilling South to change - Reconstruction is abandoned.

Reconstruction in the South

Governments of the South - During reconstruction controlled by Republicans and enforced by US military

Troops withdrawn when states met Reconstruction requirements

Took from 1 year (Tennessee) to 9 years (Florida)

Whites controlled all Southern legislatures except in S. Carolina - freedman controlled lower house.

Throughout South, most elected Freedmen were educated property owners

Moderates

Blanche K. Bruce, Hiram Rhodes Revels (held Jefferson Davis former seat) sent to HOR

Caused lots of resentment

Scalawags - Southern Republicans

Carpetbaggers - Northern newcomers to South

Investors, ministers, teachers, plunderers

Southern Whites who supported Republicans

Former Whigs, wanted peace and economic development for state

African Americans Adjusting to Freedom -

Many built Black Communities where they focused on education, reuniting families, or even moving to freer cities of the North

Founded 100s of independent African American churches

Established independent schools

Howard, Atlanta, Fisk, Morehouse

Move to frontier

The North During Reconstruction

Greed and Corruption - Under Grant, moves for civil rights and idealism were replaced by desire for more material interests.

Spoilsmen - Republican leadership went from reformers like Charles Sumner, Benjamin Wade, and Thaddeus Stevens to political manipulators like Roscoe Conkling and James Blaine

Gave jobs to supporters (patronage or spoils system)

Corruption in Business - Political and Business boses did whatever it took to make $$$

Jay Gould and James Fisk get rich off gold market

Credit Mobilier - Insiders gave stock to congress to avoid investigation about profits being made over railroad subsidies

Whiskey Ring - Fed. revenue agents work with liquor industries to defraud government

Grant’s loyalty to dishonest men tarnished presidency

NYC Democratic Boss William Tweed stole $200 million from New York taxpayers before being exposed by Thomas Nast

Election of 1872 - Reform republicans AND democrats nominate Horace Greeley

Republicans “wave the bloody shirt” and Grant easily wins.

Panic of 1873 - 1000s of Northerns homeless and jobless after over speculation and overbuilding leads to business failures.

Diverted Northern attention away from South hurting Black Southerners

Women’s Changing Roles - Women stepped in during the war to help at home, on the farms, and in factories.

Bolstered demand for women’s suffrage

Suffragists supported African American vote, but upset women weren’t included in Reconstruction amendments

Wyoming Territory - First to give women vote in 1869

5.11- Failure of Reconstruction

End of Reconstruction

Redeemers: Southern Conservatives - Rettok control of many southern states.

Focused on states rights, reduced taxes, and spending on special programs.

White Supreamcy and the Ku Klux Klan

KKK founded in 1867 by former confederate general Nathaniel Bedford Forrest

Congress passed force acts to give Federal Authorities power to stop klan

Southern Governments:

1865: 11 former confederate states were brought back in

Met reconstruction requirements, but not one gave right to vote to black men

Democrats dominated southern governments after suppressing african american votes.

Black Codes- many southern state legislature adopt black codes. Restricting rights and movements of african americans.

Sharecropping- Landlord provided seed and supplies for a share of harvest

Sharecroppers dependent on land owners

In 1872, passed Amnesty Act Removing final restrictions on ex-confederates

Retake control of southern government.

Election of 1876- Republicans nominate Rutherford B. Hayes

Democrats chose Samuel J. Tilden

Tilden easily won popular vote but not enough Electoral Votes

Special Commision 8-7 gave all the votes to hayes

Democrats threatened to fillibuster

Compromise of 1877-

Democrats allowed hayes to become president in return for.

Immediate end to republican rule in south support for southern railroad

ended federal military control in south.