Making Observations

At the heart of science is inquiry

• Inquiry: the search for information and explanations

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Data: Recorded observations

• Qualitative: observation with senses, subjective and descriptive

• Quantitative: measured w/ instruments, has hard numbers

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Inductive reasoning: deriving generalizations based on a large number of specific observations, its conclusions can be false even if the premise is true

Hypothesis: predictions that a scientist will make that they will test by recording observations and experiments.

• Has a manipulated (independent) and responded (dependent) variable

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Deductive reasoning: Specific results are derived from general premises, nearly impossible in science

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Experiments start with a null hypothesis (H₀)

• A null hypothesis is made to be rejected
• The hypothesis generally states that there is no difference between data groups and all observations are due to chance.

After a null hypothesis, list the alternative hypothesis.

• Start with H₁ and then go down the line

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Hypotheses are proposed explanations that can be disproven. Theories summarize a group of hypotheses, supported by evidence. Laws are statements of fact that are generally mathematical formulas.

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Constants: all the factors that stay the same in an experiment.

• temperature, weight, light, etc

To help mitigate bias and errors, as well as to increase reliability of the experiment, we have controls for an experiment.

Results of the control experiment validate statistical analysis of the experiment.

• Positive controls: Groups that are not exposed to the experimental treatment or variable, but is exposed to a treatment known to produce the expected effect.
  • Ensures there is an effect when there should be an effect. If nothing is changed by the positive, then something might be inherently wrong with the experiment.
• Negative controls: Groups that are not exposed to any treatment or one that is known to have no effect
  • Ensures no effect occurs when it should

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