Unit 4 APWH Vocabulary

UNIT 4 VOCABULARY WORLD HISTORY PROJECT AP 1 Key Unit Vocabulary This report provides a summary of key vocabulary for this unit. For each word, you will find the definition, part of speech, word forms (plurals/tenses), synonyms, and examples of how the word, or forms of the word, are used in a sentence. administration • the act of directing or managing Part of speech: noun Word forms: administrations, administrative Synonyms: management, supervision In a sentence: She has great skill in the administration of her business. biological • of or pertaining to the growth, development, and functioning of living things Part of speech: adjective Word forms: biologic, biologically Synonyms: In a sentence: The plants and animals transferred in the Columbian Exchange eventually decreased global biological diversity. bureaucrat • an official in a government office, especially one who follows rules and routines rather than personal judgment Part of speech: noun Word forms: bureaucrats, bureaucratic Synonyms: official, politician, civil servant In a sentence: European empires often sent bureaucrats to run day-to-day operations in their colonies. capital • money or other wealth owned or used by a business Part of speech: noun Word forms: capitalism, capitalist Synonyms: finances, funds, working capital In a sentence: We will be expanding our business as soon as we get enough capital. UNIT 4 VOCABULARY WORLD HISTORY PROJECT AP 2 capitalism • an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and prices are chiefly determined by open competition in a free market Part of speech: noun Word forms: capitalist, capitalists Synonyms: commercialism, competition, free market In a sentence: The individual’s right to pursue material wealth with little interference from government is considered one of the defining principles of capitalism. cash crop • a crop grown for sale to others rather than for personal use Part of speech: noun Word forms: cash crops Synonyms: In a sentence: During the 1800s, tobacco was one of the biggest cash crops in the United States. chattel slavery • the ownership of a person as property or chattel Part of speech: noun Word forms: Synonyms: bondage In a sentence: The horrific system of chattel slavery endorsed the buying and selling of people as property. coerce • to intimidate or force a person usually by fear of violence Part of speech: verb Word forms: coerced, coercer, coercible Synonyms: force, compel, bully In a sentence: The plantation owners coerce the enslaved by threatening to beat them if they did not do what was asked of them. colonization • the act or process of forming colonies (territories governed by a distant country, often occupied by a number of citizens of that country) Part of speech: noun Word forms: colonizer, colonize, colony Synonyms: In a sentence: The earliest explorations and attempts at colonization of Florida by Europeans were made by the Spanish. UNIT 4 VOCABULARY WORLD HISTORY PROJECT AP 3 commodity • a raw material that can be bought and sold Part of speech: noun Word forms: commodify, commodities Synonyms: goods In a sentence: Commodities like sugar and cacao were carried across the Atlantic Ocean to European cities. demographic • of or relating to the study of human populations, involving statistical analysis of size, distribution, density, migration, fertility, and the like Part of speech: adjective Word forms: demographics, demographically, demography Synonyms: In a sentence: Demographic information helps advertisers decide the best locations to launch their ad campaigns. economic • of or pertaining to the production and distribution of goods, wealth, and services Part of speech: adjective Word forms: economy, economies Synonyms: fiscal, commercial In a sentence: Women’s economic position improved during World War II, as they took over jobs previously held by men. enslaved • to cause to be a slave or to be in a condition of bondage Part of speech: verb Word forms: enslaves, enslaving, enslave Synonyms: subjugated, coerced, imprisoned, forced In a sentence: The Romans enslaved thousands of people, with many being owned by the state to work in agricultural and mining industries. exploitation • the selfish or unfair using of someone or something for one’s own advantage Part of speech: noun Word forms: exploit, exploiting, exploited Synonyms: abuse, taking advantage In a sentence: The exploitation of the enslaved kept labor costs down for plantations in early America. UNIT 4 VOCABULARY WORLD HISTORY PROJECT AP 4 export • to send or transport abroad, usually for sale or trade Part of speech: verb Word forms: exports, exported, exporter Synonyms: ship, transport, sell overseas In a sentence: China will export more goods than it imports into the country. finance • the management of money or other assets Part of speech: noun Word forms: finances, financial Synonyms: banking, business In a sentence: The treasury is that part of a government that is concerned primarily with finance. free market • an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses Part of speech: noun Word forms: Synonyms: capitalism, laissez-faire In a sentence: Much of the world today operates within a free-market economy. indentured servant • a person who is bound to work without pay in the service of another for a specified length of time, especially in exchange for the cost of travel, food, and lodging Part of speech: noun Word forms: indentured servitude Synonyms: In a sentence: She originally came to the colonies as an indentured servant, but ran away before the end of her contract. labor • the entire body of workers, especially as distinguished from management Part of speech: noun Word forms: labors, laborer Synonyms: work force In a sentence: The suggested compromise wasn’t satisfactory to either labor or management. UNIT 4 VOCABULARY WORLD HISTORY PROJECT AP 5 mercantilism • the doctrine, developed in the West after the decline of feudalism, that a nation’s economy could be strengthened by governmental protection of home industries, by increased foreign exports, and by accumulating gold and silver Part of speech: noun Word forms: mercantilist Synonyms: In a sentence: England developed many colonies under the economic policy of mercantilism in order to increase its trading territory. missionary • a person desiring to convert others to a principle or set of beliefs Part of speech: noun Word forms: missionaries, mission Synonyms: apostle, converter, evangelist, propagandist, proselytizer In a sentence: Various missionary societies have established schools tied to a particular faith. monopoly • complete control over a service or commodity within a given market, so that competition is eliminated Part of speech: noun Word forms: monopolies, monopolistic Synonyms: In a sentence: At the time, one telephone company had a monopoly over phone services in the entire region. plantation • a large estate used for cultivating commercial crops such as rubber, tea, cotton, sugar, or coffee Part of speech: noun Word forms: plantations Synonyms: estate, homestead In a sentence: Haiti was once the most profitable island in the Caribbean with many sugar plantations. plantation system • a capitalist economic system dependent on enslaved labor Part of speech: noun Word forms: Synonyms: In a sentence: The plantation system in America forced the enslaved to endure harsh conditions. UNIT 4 VOCABULARY WORLD HISTORY PROJECT AP 6 resistance • the act of refusing to comply with something Part of speech: noun Word forms: resist, resisted Synonyms: Defiance, opposition, struggle In a sentence: Resistance to European colonization took many different forms, from violence and rebellion to quiet noncooperation.