CMB Lec 1.1 Introduction
Hierarchal organization- order, consistency and precision
Emergent properties- properties that become apparent and result from various interacting components within a system that do not belong to the individual components themselves!
Central Dogma- The way information in DNA is read, processed, and utilized to make gene products.
Genetic Code- the rules by which RNA is read to make protein.
Gene- a stretch of DNA that codes for a protein.
Genome- all the DNA in cell or organism
Gene Expression- the process by which a gene is utilized (following the central dogma)
Cell division- crucial in propagating species and maintaining multicellular bodies
Homestasis- a balance of the cell’s internal physiological state called homeostasis.
Stimuli- food, temperature, chemicals (hormones, GF)
Response- growth, division, movement, changing metabolic activities, cell suicide
Oparin-Haldane (“Prebiotic/Primordial Soup”) Hypothesis- Life arose gradually from reactions between inorganic molecules, eventually giving rise to organic building blocks that could have formed the most primitive forms of life (including the LUCA).
Miller-Urey Experiment- The experiment mimicked early earth conditions. They were able to find traces of organic monomers (like amino acids), which showed that there could be some plausibility for this abiotic formation.
Nucleoid- an irregularly shaped region in prokaryotic cells containing the DNA (no membrane)
Nucleus- a membrane bound organelle containing the DNA of eukaryotes.
Chromosome- A long DNA molecule which can contain some (or all) of the DNA of an organism.
Chromatin- material from which chromosomes are made of (DNA, Histones, other proteins)
Genophore- the “chromosome” of prokaryotes that does not have histones
Cytoplasm- is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.
Organelle- a membrane bound sub-cellular structural compartment with a specific function.
Biodiversity- The variety and variability of life in all places that harbor it on Earth.
Gene- a short stretch of DNA that is transcribed usually located on a chromosome.
Genome- The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism
Transformation- taking up foreign genetic material from the environment
Transduction- genes of a donor are incorporated into the genome of a bacterial virus and then carried to another host cell when the bacteriophage infects it
Conjugation- bacteria can transfer genes through direct contact between a donor cell and a recipient cell
Are viruses considered life?
Why is there a gap between the formation of earth and the formation of LUCA?
Luca lived in hi-temp water of deep sea vents
Life started in harsh conditions
How do we make polymers from monomers?
Replication machinery- enzymatic activity (proteins)
Evolutionary tendency- informaiton storage (DNA)
Ribozyme- act like DNA genetic material and enzymatic
Conclusion: the world started from RNA
Why did protocells happen?
Protection of RNA molecules since lipids are hydrophobic
protocells= phospholipid bilayer
Structure of phosphoslipids
Phosphates + glycerol (head)= hydrophillic
Fatty acids= hydrophobic
How did earth get oxygen?
Through cyanobacteria
Prokarytic cells evolved photosynthesis
DIfferences and similarities between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Similarities
Size, they both have dna, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell membrane
Differences
P: circular dna and nucleoid
E: linear, nucleus, organelles, and histones
Difference between nucleoid and nucleus
Nucleus is membrane bound, nucleoid is not
Why are cells small?
Less energy needed to synthesize processes
Maintain stable internal conditions
Why do bacteria lack histones?
Nucleus is more complex= system is different
Bacteria grows rapidly, more exposed and readily accessible
simpler genetic organization that was sufficient for their basic cellular functions
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Specialized cytoplasmic organelles for aerobic respiration and photosynthesis
Sexual reproduction
Compacting into mitotic structuresm bacteria stays circular
Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles and
How are sickle-shaped cells formed in connection to change in shape?
The hbs molecule polymerize and form chain= becomes rigid and less flexible
They cannot easily squeeze through narrow cappilaries
Is there an Advantage to Multicellularity?
increased size and complexity= specialized tissues and organs
Different cells for different tasks, multiple cells, good division of labor
Disadvantage: reliance on other cells
Hierarchal organization- order, consistency and precision
Emergent properties- properties that become apparent and result from various interacting components within a system that do not belong to the individual components themselves!
Central Dogma- The way information in DNA is read, processed, and utilized to make gene products.
Genetic Code- the rules by which RNA is read to make protein.
Gene- a stretch of DNA that codes for a protein.
Genome- all the DNA in cell or organism
Gene Expression- the process by which a gene is utilized (following the central dogma)
Cell division- crucial in propagating species and maintaining multicellular bodies
Homestasis- a balance of the cell’s internal physiological state called homeostasis.
Stimuli- food, temperature, chemicals (hormones, GF)
Response- growth, division, movement, changing metabolic activities, cell suicide
Oparin-Haldane (“Prebiotic/Primordial Soup”) Hypothesis- Life arose gradually from reactions between inorganic molecules, eventually giving rise to organic building blocks that could have formed the most primitive forms of life (including the LUCA).
Miller-Urey Experiment- The experiment mimicked early earth conditions. They were able to find traces of organic monomers (like amino acids), which showed that there could be some plausibility for this abiotic formation.
Nucleoid- an irregularly shaped region in prokaryotic cells containing the DNA (no membrane)
Nucleus- a membrane bound organelle containing the DNA of eukaryotes.
Chromosome- A long DNA molecule which can contain some (or all) of the DNA of an organism.
Chromatin- material from which chromosomes are made of (DNA, Histones, other proteins)
Genophore- the “chromosome” of prokaryotes that does not have histones
Cytoplasm- is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.
Organelle- a membrane bound sub-cellular structural compartment with a specific function.
Biodiversity- The variety and variability of life in all places that harbor it on Earth.
Gene- a short stretch of DNA that is transcribed usually located on a chromosome.
Genome- The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism
Transformation- taking up foreign genetic material from the environment
Transduction- genes of a donor are incorporated into the genome of a bacterial virus and then carried to another host cell when the bacteriophage infects it
Conjugation- bacteria can transfer genes through direct contact between a donor cell and a recipient cell
Are viruses considered life?
Why is there a gap between the formation of earth and the formation of LUCA?
Luca lived in hi-temp water of deep sea vents
Life started in harsh conditions
How do we make polymers from monomers?
Replication machinery- enzymatic activity (proteins)
Evolutionary tendency- informaiton storage (DNA)
Ribozyme- act like DNA genetic material and enzymatic
Conclusion: the world started from RNA
Why did protocells happen?
Protection of RNA molecules since lipids are hydrophobic
protocells= phospholipid bilayer
Structure of phosphoslipids
Phosphates + glycerol (head)= hydrophillic
Fatty acids= hydrophobic
How did earth get oxygen?
Through cyanobacteria
Prokarytic cells evolved photosynthesis
DIfferences and similarities between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Similarities
Size, they both have dna, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell membrane
Differences
P: circular dna and nucleoid
E: linear, nucleus, organelles, and histones
Difference between nucleoid and nucleus
Nucleus is membrane bound, nucleoid is not
Why are cells small?
Less energy needed to synthesize processes
Maintain stable internal conditions
Why do bacteria lack histones?
Nucleus is more complex= system is different
Bacteria grows rapidly, more exposed and readily accessible
simpler genetic organization that was sufficient for their basic cellular functions
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Specialized cytoplasmic organelles for aerobic respiration and photosynthesis
Sexual reproduction
Compacting into mitotic structuresm bacteria stays circular
Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles and
How are sickle-shaped cells formed in connection to change in shape?
The hbs molecule polymerize and form chain= becomes rigid and less flexible
They cannot easily squeeze through narrow cappilaries
Is there an Advantage to Multicellularity?
increased size and complexity= specialized tissues and organs
Different cells for different tasks, multiple cells, good division of labor
Disadvantage: reliance on other cells
