Med Term Unit 3
Unit 3 Notes
Kinesiology = Study of body movement
Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body (away from sagittal plane)
Adduction: movement toward the midline of the body (toward sagittal plane)
Circumduction: movement in a circular motion, usually means one end of a limb is still while the other end moves in a circle
Rotation: movement around an axis, usually at a joint, from rotat(o)- to revolve, -ion action or condition
Flexion: action of bending, from flex(o)- to bend, -ion action or condition
Extension: action that brings the limb straight, from extens(o)- to stretch out, -ion action or condition
Hyperflexion: excessively bending or flexing a joint from hyper- above or over, flex(o)- bend, -ion action or condition
Hyperextension: abnormal or excessive extension, straightening, or stretching of a joint, from hyper– above or over, extens(o)- to stretch out, -ion action or condition
Lateral flexion: bending to one side or the other, from later(o)- side, flex(o)- to bend, -ion action or condition
Dorsiflexion: backward bending, usually used when talking about a hand or foot, from dors(o)- back of body, flex(o)- to bend, -ion action or condition
Plantar flexion: bending of the foot so that the toes point down, from plant(o)- sole of foot, -ar pertaining to and flex(o)- to bend, -ion action or condition
Eversion: to turn outward, from e- outward, vers(o)- to turn, -ion action or condition. This motion usually refers to the foot. So, eversion would be turning the bottom of the foot away from the midline of the body. When dealing with movements, we remember our body planes. In this case, away from midline would be the same thing as away from the sagittal plane.
Inversion: to turn inward, from in-inward, vers(o)- to turn, -ion action or condition. Just like with eversion, this usually refers to a motion of the foot. So, this would be turning the foot toward the midline of the body. Just like with eversion, the midline refers to the sagittal plane so, inversion would be toward the sagittal plane.
Supination: turn the foot or palm of the hand upward. Usually this term refers to turning the palm of the hand so that it is facing upward or toward the front of the body. This position would be the same as anatomical position of the hand and forearm.
Pronation: turn the foot or the hand backward. Usually this term refers to turning the hand so that the palm is facing downward. In other words, the hand is opposite of anatomical position.
Protraction: movement anteriorly, only the shoulder and the jaw are able to protract.
Retraction: movement posteriorly
Depression: to lower a body part, downward movement
Elevation: to raise a body part, upward movement. An example of depression and elevation working together is when you shrug your shoulders. The upward part of the movement is elevation and then, when you drop them, it’s depression!
Excursion: side to side movement. We use this term mainly when we are talking about the jaw (mandible). So, when you move your jaw away from midline, it is called lateral excursion. When you move it back to resting position, it’s called medial excursion. Any movement away from midline is considered lateral movement. The movement is going away from the sagittal plane. The opposite of this direction would refer to any movement going toward the midline or sagittal plane. This direction is referred to as medial.
Opposition: movement of thumb away from the palm of the hand. In other words, moving your thumb so that it touches one of the other fingers. Make the OK sign with your hand. You just demonstrated opposition of the thumb with the pointer finger!
Reposition: returning of thumb back to anatomical position
Articulation = joint
Joint categories = fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
Fibrous Joint = non-movable joint with no joint cavity
Cartilaginous Joint = non-movable joint with no joint cavity
Synovial Joint = Joint that allows the body to move in all types of directions
Types of synovial joints = pivot, ball and socket, condyloid, hinge, saddle, and plane
Plane joints = permits only small movements, allow bones to glide past each other
Wrist bones = plane joints
Foot bones = plane joints
Spinal vertebrae = plane joints
Pivot joints = allow rotational movements
Cervical vertebrae in neck = pivot joint
Radius and ulna in elbow = pivot joints
Hinge Joints = allow flexion and extension
Knee = hinge joint
Elbow = hinge joint
Ankle = hinge joint
Distal ends of finger = hinge joint
Distal ends of toes = hinge joint
Condyloid Joints = allows for movement in 2 directions which are at a right angle to each other
Knuckles = Condyloid Joints
Wrist = Condyloid Joint
Saddle Joints = allows for movement in 2 directions
Thumb meets hand = saddle joint
Between clavicle and sternum = saddle joint
Ball and Socket Joints = allow movement in many directions
Hip = ball and socket
Shoulder = ball and socket
AE: above elbow
AK: above knee
BE: below elbow
BK: below knee
c/o: complaint of
DJD: degenerative joint disease
f/u: follow up
h/o: history of
jt: joint
LE: lower extremity
LLE: left lower extremity
LUE: left upper extremity
MRI: magnetic resonance imaging
Orth/ortho: orthopedics
OT: occupational therapy
PT: physical therapy
pt: patient
RA: rheumatoid arthritis
RLE: right lower extremity
R/O: rule out
RUE: right upper extremity
s/p: status post
THA: total hip arthroplasty
THR: total hip replacement
TKA: total knee arthroplasty
TKR: total knee replacement
TMJ: temporomandibular joint
UE: upper extremity
y.o.: years of age (years old)
Arthritis = joint inflammation
Orthopedics = medicine that treats conditions of the musculoskeletal system
Physical therapists = help relieve pain and improve movement
Occupational therapists = help the patient work and function in their environment on their own
Arthroscopic surgery = joint surgery with an instrument
Chiropractics = field of medicine which focuses on spine alignment to reduce pain and improve movement
Exercise physiology = field of science which helps people recover from health conditions using exercise
Heart and Pulmonary Diseases = benefit from exercise physiology