10. gender and sexuality
gender - social construct, orientation, perform/express, identify
sex - biological m/i/f
margaret mead: first female cultural anthropologist, did studies of gender in papa new guinea and found different gender roles in groups on the same island. this proved that it was not biologically innate.
gender roles - tasks and activities associated with each gender.
gender stereotypes - strongly held views on who is male and who is female and what traits they are associated with. oversimplified and causes gender stratification (a hierarchy of rank → power, unequal distribution of rewards among men and women)
cross cultural gender patterns - some activities can be done by men, women, and both. other activities are only associated with men. women are expected to take care of children so they spend more time working. women tend to bond with their babies, and men want to accumulate children.
gender roles and gender stratification - it was found that it was possible though not common for women to hunt in ancient history.
domestic - public
matrilocality vs patrilocality - matrilocality live with the mother’s side of the family after marriage. female status tends to be high, matriarchal (household led by women, politically, land ownership) patrilocality lives with the father’s side of the family after marriage. patriarchal is the same thing but with men.
patriarchy is more common because of competition for resources and having circumscription over resources.
patriarchy and violence - women can face violence and repression under the taliban or other oppressive leaderships. this can include dowry murders, female gender mutilation, domestic abuse, femicide.
gender in industrial societies - european immigration to the united states increased the male labor force who wanted to work for lower wages and take over jobs women previously held. following wwii, the number of women employed is increasing. this is because of the baby boom and the women’s movement. in the 1960s, women went to school and got professional jobs because they had access to birth control and could choose when to stary a family. today there are more woman than men attending college. occupational segregation has been reduced.
work and family balance has changed. 40% of mothers are the source of income and men are taking on more caretaking roles. we do not have a paid parental leave in the us so it’s hard to balance work and life.
feminization of poverty - there is an increase in representation of women who live among the poorest people. families led by women tend to be poor, and often men will not pay child support. both domestic and global.
gnh - gross national happiness, measuring the happiness in different countries around the world. the european countries are the happiest. it is measured with education, healthcare, income, time off, etc. they have the lowest level of inequality and the highest level of female employment.