History Unit 7

SECTION ONE

• Renaissance – means rebirth, restarting society up to what it used to be. Trying to get back to Greek and Roman times

• The renaissance is about music, and other cultural things. It was made to make people remember that there are other important parts of your life outside of trying to achieve salvation

• Italy had less deaths from the plague than other countries

• Italy had more patrons than other places

• Location mattered too when Italy was the first place to restart the renaissance

• Patron – someone who will fund or donate money to people and countries

• Patrons put their money into the recovery of the economy

• Reminders existed in Italy, showed the people what they could be capable of doing

• People saw these reminders and wondered how they built the coliseum, but now they are living in little huts. Irritated about the downgrades and going backwards

• Italy helped start the renaissance because they had better opportunities to trade with other countries, which means that they would get more goods

• Wealthy families in Italy were bribing and messing with the church during the renaissance, which is not good

• Sometimes rich families in Italy paid for their sons to become the Pope

• Humanism was known as an intellectual movement

• Humanism focuses on worldly affairs (adventure, achievement, creating, discovery). It was not only focused on religious issues

• Francesco Petrach – he assembles and collected a lot of ancient roman and greek works

• Italian Humanists – Leonardo Da Vinci, and the Patriarch

• Patrons helped Da Vinci, and they gave him the supplies and resources that he needed to let his intelligence show to the world

• The most known pieces of art from Da Vinci: Mona Lisa and the Last Supper

• The renaissance trying to deemphasize the church and religious things, trying to add new cultural aspects to peoples lives

• People pursuing humanism are called humanist

• Artwork perspective became emphasized and popular during the renaissance

SECTION TWO

• Renaissance in the north was delayed and it took a little longer to recover from it because of the black death

• Albrecht Durer – called the German Leonardo (Da Vinci) very skilled at math and engineering, but also was able to do many other things

• His paintings/engraving reflected religious caused a disturbance/change (not positive the church did not like it)

• His reflections from his artwork is that religion is full of messes, church does not like this in the slightest

• What was new about his paintings was engravings

• Sir Thomas Moore – Wrote a book called Utopia

• Utopia – the perfect scenario, perfect world

• RENAISSANCE ARTISTS – used well known people and focused on individual achievements, not religious issues

• FRANCESCO PETRARCH – ASSEMBLED A COLLECTION OF GREEK (HOMER) AND ROMAN (VIRGIL) WORKS

SECTION THREE

• The power of the church becomes challenged

• Indulgence – blessing from the church

• Indulgences were meant to quicken people's paths to salvation. If you had an indulgence, it was believed that you could quicker through purgatory, or you could potentially bypass purgatory

• Indulgences were given to people when they did good

• For example, if you joined the Crusades, then you would be granted an indulgence

• Many members of the clergy objected to Indulgences because they felt that salvation was only between a person and God/Jesus/Saint Peter, and that the Church should have no control over salvation

• The Church began to sell indulgences, which started even more disagreements

• This led to different forms of Christianity

• Many people protested the indulgences

• Indulgences led to the Protestant Reformation

• People were upset with the church before indulgences because of papal supremacy and excommunication. They knew that they were abusing power, but there were not enough people to try and do something about it

• Martin Luther is the person who started the Protestant Reformation

• Lutherans = followers of Martin Luther, Calvinists = Followers of John Calvin

• Protestant is the big tree, but Luther, Calvinists, Baptists, etc. are branches

• Both Calvin and Luther opposed Indulgences, felt that the Church should have no control over salvation in any way

• John Calvin believed in predestination = God has predetermined the amount of souls that will reach heaven, and that God has determined who goes to heaven and who goes to hell before the person was even born

• Calvinist are pure bible lifestyles

• THEOCRACY = the head of society are religious leaders, not political leaders

• 95 thesis = 95 arguments against the Church, and he would plaster them against Church walls, and people started to follow Martin Luther and his ideas because of what he wrote in his thesis

• MARTIN LUTHER EXCOMMUNICATED BECAUSE OF 95 THESIS

• DENOUNCED PEASANTS REVOLT IN GERMAN LANDS OVER THE SOCIAL ORDER 

• John Calvin builds the city Geneva in Switzerland, and it became a theocracy

• PEACE OF AUGSBURG 1555 – GERMAN PRINCES DECIDE RELIGION TO BE FOLLOWED IN THEIR LANDS (HRE) – WITHOUT INTERFERENCE 

• Purgatory = position in between heaven and hell, part of the catholic church believes, but not all believe in it

• John Calvin did not allow singing, dancing, and drinking, which gave the faith a bad look and made it hard for them to gain respect from others

• Peasant revolt = the peasants want to have more balance and money in their lives. The peasants supported Martin Luther because they supported the peasant revolt because they thought that if he wanted to support a corrupt church, then he would want to support how corrupt their lives are

• Martin Luther did not support the peasant revolt

• Martin Luther felt that his purpose was to protect Christianity

• Revolt was put down quickly, and there was death and brutality because of it

• (ONLY IN HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE) Peace of Augsburg happened because different princes were becoming Catholic or protestant, and they were fighting over it. So the princes came together to end the fighting, and they determined the religion that their whole land would be what religion they are

SECTION FOUR:

• Henry the 8th had 6 wives

• Catherine of Aragon (first wife) one of the wives, and she is related to the royal family of Spain (married for 20 years) and she was never able to give him a male heir, and then he wanted to end the marriage

• Henry the 8th believes and supports the church, NOT the reformation

• King Henry then wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon

• The divorce was problematic because of how the Spanish royal family (who supports the Church) would react to the divorce, but King Henry wanted it

• Annulment - a recognition that the marriage never existed

• The divorce/annulment was denied, and this enraged Henry the 8th, and he decided to leave the catholic church and create the Church of England, and that the Catholic church is not allowed in England

• Henry the 8th is declared as the leader of the Church of England, and the people close to him and the clergy and he makes them sign the act of Supremacy to swear your oath to the religion, because they were afraid of being killed by Henry

• One of the first rules of the Church of England was to allow divorce, so he divorced Catherine, but many did not recognize the divorce and did not recognize the new queens and the new religions 

• Sir Thomas Moore – does not agree to the act of Supremacy, charged with treason, and he gets beheaded

• The Council of Trent was made by the Church to try and figure out how to help people not hate the church and figure out ways to explain themselves

• The problem that the Church was facing was the Protestant Reformation

• Indulgences were abolished, as voted by the Council of Trent

• The Catholic Reformation is about trying to figure out the problems that the Church was facing, why they were happening, and how can they fix it

• The first time indulgences were granted to people was only for good deeds, but then indulgences were twisted into a much worse thing

• One of the ways that the church tried to spread the word of the church was to recognize the jesuits, to expand the church and also teach people who were not protestant and catholic about the church and try to spread it even more

• Anabapists – part of the reformation, and they left the church. Disagreed with different parts of the church, particularly with baptising infants. They felt that infants should not be baptised because they said that it's not fair for the infants to be forced into being catholic.

• The Church rebutted this by saying that Original Sin needs to be wiped away immediately 

• The Church only addressed things that could be rebutted from the 95 thesis, not the things that they knew were wrong and that they could fix. They also felt that they were being called out for being wrong but not being given reasons why they were wrong

• The anabaptists did not get along with any other Christians, and they were defensive