Psychology Final 

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Psy. Final Exam Study Guide

 1. Psychology- the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
 2. Wilhelm Wundt- German psychologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened the first psychology research lab in 1879; “Father of Psychology”
 3. Humanistic psychology- a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person
 4. Edward Titchener-studied under Wilhelm Wundt; created structuralism
 5. goals of psychology- observe, describe, explain, predict, control
 6. aggression- any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
 7. discrimination- unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
 8. superordinate goal- higher-level goals taking priority over specific individual or group goals
 9. central nervous system- nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord

  1. peripheral nervous system- nerve system that carries information from the central nervous system
  2. hypnic jerk- a muscle twitch in stage one of sleep
  3. learning memory- being able to learn things and remember them
  4. procedural memory- the memory system in charge of the encoding, storage, and retrieval of the procedures that underlie motor or cognitive skills
  5. electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)- 150 volt electrical current is passed through the brain, causes the patient to lose consciousness for a short period of time
  6. REM- “rapid eye movement”; associated with dreaming, the brain is so active during this that it appears as if the person is awake
  7. systematic desensitization- attained by gradually approaching a feared stimulus while maintaining relaxation
  8. health psychology- study of ways in which behavioral principles can be used to prevent illness and promote health
  9. Psychotherapy- treatment techniques that aim to help a person identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behavior
  10. psychoanalysis- Freudian therapy that uses the emphasis of free association, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, and analysis of transference
  11. catatonic state- disorder that disrupts a person's awareness of the world around them
  12. assimilation- cognitive process in which we take new information and experiences and incorporate them into our pre-existing ideas or viewpoint
  13. Accommodation- the process by which people alter their existing schemas or create new schemas as a result of new learning
  14. personality trait- the things or mannerisms that reflect people’s characteristic patters of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
  15. ERGOT- fungus found in wheat that made people hallucinate when they ate it
  16. DSM-V-book used to help psychologists identity mental disorders
  17. Stanford Binet IQ test- widely used IQ test where items are age ranked and can used for ages 2-90, measures five cognitive factors
  18. average IQ- 100
  19. Independent- the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
  20. dependent variable- the experimental factor that is being measured
  21. positive correlation- a relationship between two variables in which both variables either increase or decrease together
  22. negative correlation- as one variable increases, the other decreases
  23. parts of a neuron- dendrite, soma, axon, axon terminal
  24. lobes of brain- occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal
  25. autonomic nervous system- serve the internal organs and glands of the body, heart rate, digestion, perspiration
  26. corpus collusum- section of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres
  27. parenting styles-
        a. permissive; child driven, rarely gives or enforces rules; spoils child to avoid conflict
        b. authoritative; solves problems together with child, sets clear rules and expectations, open communication and natural consequences
        c. neglectful; uninvolved or absent, provides little nurturance or guidance, indifferent to child’s social-emotional and behavioral needs
        d. authoritarian; parent driven, sets strict rules and punishment, one-way communication with little consideration of the child’s social-emotional and behavioral needs
  28. Erikson’s stages-
        a. Trust vs mistrust
        b. Autonomy vs shame and doubt
        c. Initiative vs guilt
        d. Industry vs inferiority
        e. Identity vs role confusion
        f. Intimacy vs isolation
        g. Generativity vs stagnation
        h. Integrity vs despair
  29. levels of moral development
        a. preconventional
        b. conventional
        c. postconventional
  30. types of consciousness
        a. walking consciousness
        b. altered state of consciousness
  31. stages of sleep
        a. one: lose consciousness and enter light sleep, heart rate slows
        b. two: sleep deepens, body temperature drops
        c. three: delta waves appear, they signal deeper sleep and a further loss of consciousness
        d. four: reached in an hour, brain waves are pure delta and people are in a state of oblivion
  32. somnambulist- someone who subconsciously walks in their sleep
  33. Pavlov’s experiment- experiment on dogs where he rang a bell shortly before presenting food to the dogs; this measured the function of the brain of higher animals in their adaption to the external environment
  34. unconditioned stimulus- stimulus that leads to an automatic response
  35. unconditioned response- response that is reflexive and involuntary in nature
  36. conditioned stimulus- stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response
  37. conditioned response- an automatic response established by training to an ordinary neutral stimulus
  38. fixed ratio- a schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforce only after a specific number of responses
  39. variable ratio- a schedule of reinforcement where a behavior is reinforced after a random number of responses
  40. positive reinforcement- responses that are followed by a reward, increases probability that behavior will occur again
  41. B.F. Skinner- enforced ideas of positive reinforcement, extinction, negative reinforcement, punishment, time out, and shaping in therapy
  42. 3 processes of memory
        a. Long term memory
        b. Short term memory
        c. Sensory memory
  43. Long Term Memory- information that is meaningful is transferred here and can hold limitless amounts of information
  44. Short Term Memory- holds small amounts of information for short periods of time
  45. Chunking- information bits grouped into larger units
  46. Alfred Binet- the guy who created the first IQ test in search of ways to help struggling children in school
  47. Lewis Terman- developed one of the most widely used psychological assessments in the world (Stanford-Binet revision of 1916)
  48. I Q quotient- level of mental age based on a score from the Stanford-Binet IQ test
  49. Intelligence- the global capacity to think purposefully, rationally, and effectively deal with the environment
  50. savant syndrome- intellectually disabled but can use calendar calculations, usually have specific random niche skills
  51. motivation- process that initiates, sustains, directs, and activates someone to do something
  52. Maslow’s hierarchy- From bottom to top of pyramid
        a. Physiological
        b. Safety
        c. Love and belongingness
        d. Esteem
        e. Self-actualization
  53. Bulimia- normal or above normal weight, binge eating and then feeling bad for it and throwing it all up, can cause tooth erosion, holes in the throat, hair loss, and heart problems
  54. Anorexia- eating disorder where they starve themselves and have a fear of gaining weight of becoming fat, hair falls out, organs may shut down, mensural cycle ends
  55. Freud’s psychosexual stages-
        a. Oral- birth to age 1
        b. Anal- age 1 through 3
        c. Phallic- ages 3 to 6
        d. Latency ages 6 to puberty
        e. Genital
  56. Id- born with it; all about yourself, selfish desires, EROS (life instincts) and THANTOS (death instincts)
  57. Ego- compromiser, reality of situations, rationality
  58. Superego- judge, center, internal parent
  59. Trepanning- boring a hole or holes in the skull to release pressure or evil spirits
  60. Phillipe Pinel- in 1973 he changed the treatment process for the mentally ill, and began the process of humane treatment of patients
  61. Hans Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome- an experiment that proved that the body responds the same way to any stress
        a. G.A.S.
        i. Alarm reaction
        ii. Resistance
        iii. Exhaustion
  62. dissociative disorder- temporary amnesia, multiple personality, or depersonalization disorders
  63. hallucinations- imaginary sensations, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that do not exist in the real world
  64. Schizophrenia- psychotic disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, apathy, thinking abnormalities, and split between thoughts and emotions
  65. obsessive compulsive disorder- extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors
  66. delusions- false beliefs that psychotic individuals insist are true, regardless of overwhelming evidence against them
  67. social psychology- the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
  68. Solomon Asch’s experiment- a conformity experiment where the participants judged lines to see which was the longest and the test subjects were pressured to change their answers based upon the answers of everyone else in the group; results showed that the participants would sometimes provide answers they knew to be untrue if it avoided going against the majority of the group (the urge to conform outweighed the desire to provide the correct answer)
  69. Stanley Milgrams experiment- electric shock obedience test; concluded that people obey either out of fear or out of a desire to appear cooperative, even when acting against their own better judgement and desires
  70. social stereotype- oversimplified images of the traits of individuals who belong to a particular social group
  71. bystander apathy- the idea that people’s willingness to lend help decreases when others are around
  72. stages of brainwashing-
        a. tearing down individual (unfreezing)
        b. rebuilding individual in the way you want to (refreezing)

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