ATPS BIOLOGYYYY

ATP: important compound when that cells used to store and release energy, regarded as the basic energy source for all cells

the difference between ADP and ATP is that ADP has 4 phosphate group instead of 2

when a cell has energy avaliable it can store small amounts by adding phosphate group in ADP moleules producing ATP

cells can release energy stored in ATP by the breaking of chemical bonds between the second and the third phosphate group

cells use energy provided by ATP to carry out active transport

ATP provides energy to keep sodium potassium pumps working

ATP provides power to synthesis of proteins, responses to chemical signals at cellls surface

the reason cells dont make that much atp is because atp is not a good for storing large amounts of energy over long terms

heterotrophs are organisms that obtain food by sonsuming other living things

autotrophs are organisms that make their own food

photosynthesis the process in which autotrophs use sunlight to produce high energy carbohydrates that can be used as food

plants convert energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in carbohydrate bonds

chlorophyll- plant’s principal pigment

plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called pigments

chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb light well in the blue violet and red regions

chlorophyll does nto absorb green light very well thats why the leaves are green

plants also have red and orange colors but the green color of chlorophyll overwhelms them

colors change in autmn because chlorophyll molecules break down faster than the temperature

chloroplast contain an abundance of saclike phtoynthetic membranes called thylakoids.

Thylakoids are interconnected and arranged in stacks known as grana

chlorophyll are located in the thylakoid membranes

the fluid portion of the chloroplast outside fo the thylakoids is known as the stroma

chlorophyll absorbs visible light which is given to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule itself

by raising the energy levels of the electrons in the chlorophyll, light energy can produce a good supply of high energy electrons, which makes photosynthesis work.

an electron carrier is a compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them along iwth most of their energy to another molecule

NADP+ is a carrier molecule, its job is to hold two high energy and hydrogen ion

Hydrogen convertes NADP+ into NADPH.

Some of the energy of sunlight can be trapped in chemical form

light independant reactions happend in the stroma.

light independant reactions are a set of reactions in photosythensis that do not require light

energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compand such as sugar.

when most pigments absorbs light they eventually lose most of that energy as heat.

Thylakoids contain clusters of chlorophyll and proteins known as photosystems

photosystems are essential to light depandant reactions because they harves light and convert it into chemical energy.

high energy electrons that are generated by photosystems are passed to a series of electron carriers.

During light independant reactions plant use the energy from ATP and NADPH to build carbohydrate compounds that can be stored for a long time

the calvin cycle is refered to as light independant reaction and its named after Melvin Calvin

when carbon dioxide enters the cycle 6 carbon molecules from the surface come in contact with the 5 carbon molecules int he first step of the cycle hwich produces twelve 3 carbon compounds

Energy from ATP and high energy electrons from NADPH are used to convert 3 carbon molecules to higher energy forms

Two of the 3 carbon molecules are removed fromt he cycle to produce sugars, amino acids and other compounds

the remaining 3 carbon molecules are converted back into 5 carbon forms that are used to start the cycle again.

light energy is absorbed by electrons in the pigments found within photosystems 2 which causes an increase in electron energy levels

Electron transport chain- a series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high energy electrons during ATP generating reactions

The more light the more high energy electrons are passed to the electron chain

thylakoid membranes contain a system which replaced and provide new electrons from chlorophyll. these new electrons are made from water molecules.

Enzymes on the inner surface of the thylakoid break up each water molecule into two electrons, two H ions and one oxygen atom.

The two electrons replace high energy electron that have been lost to the electron transport chains.

As plants remove electrons from water. oxygen is left behind and released in the air, while the hydrogen ion is released in the thylakoid.

Energy from the electrons is used by the protein chains to pump H+ ions from the stroma to the thylakoid space

At the end of the eletron transport chain the electron transport chaint he electron passes through the second photosystem

electrons do not contain as much energy as they used to when they reach photosystem 1

pigements in photosystems 1 use energy from light to reenergize the electrons

NADP+ molecules in the stroma pick up high energy electrons along with H+ ions at the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane to become NADPH

H+ ions cannot cross the membrane directly

Atp synthase is a thylakoid membrane that contains proteins

ATP synthase allows H+ iones to pass through it.

Chemiostasis is when H+ ions pass through the ATP synthase and force it to rotate, as it rotates ATP synthase binds ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP as well as NADPH. These molecules provide energy needed to build high energy sugars from low energy carbon dioxide.

The calvin cycle uses 6 molecules of carbon dioxide to produce a single 6 carbon sugar molecule.

Compounds produced in the light depandant reactions supplies the energy for light independant reactions to happend

The calvin cycle removes the the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere turning out rich energy sugars in the light independant reactions.

The plants use sugars to build macromolecules needed for growth and development which include lipids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates.

Both systems work because light dependant reactions trap light into chemical energy which is used by indepandant reactions to produce stable high energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water.