Nutrition


  1. Anatomy: structure and body parts 



  1. Physiology: How the body parts work together to support life processes 



  1. B vitamins: turn food into energy. Calcium levels are controlled bones breaking, staying together

  2. Sodium increases fluids inside the body, too much can create high blood pressure

  3. Bones

    1. Structure: Bones cartilage, ligaments and joins

    2. Functions: Provides support for movement, protection of organs, mineral storage, make RBC

    3. Hematopiesis= Formation of red blood cells (RBC) happens within long bones 



  1. Muscular System

    1. Muscles contract (shorten) and provide movement, support/structure, heat production

    2. Hold posture, help push fluids through veins and lymph, breathing, digestion, urination, childbirth, etc



  1. Cardiovascular: Pick up and drop off

    1. Pump and vessels are body’s plumbing

    2. Blood carries nutrients, wastes, and gasses

    3. Circulates oxygen, CO2 heat, water, nutrients, wastes, manages temperature

    4. Pump, deliver, regulate, remove



  1. Lymphatic: Lymphatic vessels, lymph node, spleen, thymus, bone marrow

    1. Collects fluids for tissue drainage, filters the blood(removes pathogens and releases antibodies), absorbs fatty substances from small intestine, houses immune cells 

    2. Acts as a body vacuum cleaner and only goes one way. It is like a side road.

    3. Absorbing dietary fat 

    4. Picks up extra fluid that leaves blood vessels



  1. Nervous system: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sensory receptors 

    1. Responds to external and internal signals, coordinates activities of other organ systems 

  2. Respiratory: Nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

    1. Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange takes place, excrete wastes



  1. Endocrine system: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, thymus, pancreases, pineal, ovaries and testes

    1. Create and releases hormones, direct body processes, growth/metabolism, reproduction, sleep, blood pressure, digestion and absorption 

    2. Endocrine glands= message senders

    3. Hormones= The messages

    4. Target cells= message recipients 



  1. Hormones: substances that carry messages to tissues. 



  1. Integumentary: skin, hair, nails, and gland, also temperature, pressure, and pain receptors

    1. Protects/ cushions, waterproofs, excretes waste, regulates temperature

    2. Cell fluid, vitamin D, stimuli detection, barrier



  1.  Excretory: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

    1. Excretes wastes made from metabolism, maintains water and salt balance, controls pH of the blood, impacts blood pressure, helps make new RBC



  1. Preproductive system: Production of sex cells and hormones

    1. Impacts metabolism, bone health, nervous system, digestive system



  1.  Male= Testes(produce sperm), scrotum, penis, accessory glands and duct system 



  1.  Female- Ovary produce eggs, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina



  1. Digestive system

    1. Where does digestion occur: Gastrointestinal tract( one continuous tract of food), Pancreas, gallbladder, liver, enzymes, hormones, nerves, blood, Mesentery(positions digestive organs)

    2. What is happening to the food: Break bolus into different parts, digestive juices in stomach, chyme when enters small intestine

    3. Where does absorption occur: small intestine

    4. Dead cells, fiber, and water make it to large intestine



  1. Stomach: secretes acid and enzymes 



  1. Mechanical digestion: peristalsis and acids physically break down food 



  1. Lower esophageal sphincter(pyloric): opens, lets food exit stomach into small intestine



  1. Chemical digestion: acids and enzymes help break chemical bonds so nutrients can eventually be absorbed 



  1. Stomach acid. Low pH: Physically breaks down food, destroys activity of proteins, activates digestive enzymes, makes dietary minerals soluble for absorption, kills bacteria introduced from food 



  1. Less acidic when food enters, food temporarily removes acidity, then stomach secretes more acid



  1. Small intestine: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum. Chemical digestion breaks down food, folded wall for more surface area and villi 



  1. Chyme: semi-liquid, partially digested bolus of food passed from stomach to small intestine



  1.  Villi- vessels for absorption

  2. Micro- villi: farther increase surface area



  1. From small intestine into circulation= absorption



  1. Epithelial system: secrete mucus and enzymes

  2. Large intestine: removes undigestible food products, no villi or enzymes, absorption of water, some minerals/vitamins, and electrolytes, bacteria: health impacts, elimination of waste



  1. Gut Microbiome(bacteria): immune system benefits, ferment undigested food(help finish digestion), provide helpful metabolic by products, found in fermented foods yogurt, kimchi, miso, kefir



  1. Pancreas: produces digestive enzymes(amylase, lipase, proteases)

    1. Releases enzymes into small intestine through pancreatic duct

    2. Aids in breaking down carbs, fats, proteins for absorption

    3. Releases digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into small intestine 



  1. Liver: produces bile

    1. First stop for nutrients after absorption from GI Tract

    2. Manages and stores sugars

    3. Activates enzymes 

    4. Makes proteins 

    5. Stores certain vitamins

    6.  Role in fat metabolism and transport

    7. Detoxify substances like alcohol



  1. Physiological detoxification: Processing and eliminating potentially harmful substances



  1. BAC: Blood alcohol concentration



  1.  During alcohol metabolism, ethanol is first converted into Acetaldehyde



  1. Liver metabolism of alcohol 

    1. Ethanol/Alcohol

    2. Alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme turns ethanol to acetaldehyde

    3. Acetaldehyde(damages proteins and cell DNA)

    4. Aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme

    5. Acetate

  2. Alcohol Can cause cancer and can cause cancer through

    1. Oxidative stress

    2. Lowered immunity

    3. Tissue exposure to toxin

    4. Hormone disruption



  1. Accessory organs: Don’t have food go through them but stuff is given through ducts to help digestion



  1. When calorie or carbohydrate intake drops sharply: body uses stored glycogen

    1. As glycogen stores decrease=water is released(weight drops) 

  2. Enzymes for chemical reaction in liver depend on proteins 



  1.  Fiber: protects organs involved in detoxification from detoxification from proinflammatory bacteria

  2. Digestion: Break food into components small enough for the body to use 


  1. Absorption: move those components from the GI tract into the blood or lymph


  1. Stomach Acid: Made by parietal cells in the stomach lining. Parietal cells secrete hydrogen ions and chloride ions to form HCL.