america became a distinct nation and developed its distinct identity

French and indian war - part of 7 years war

• began because British colonists were bothered by French encroachment on Ohio river valley

colonists hungry from land tried to push into the Ohio river valley

leader pontiac led raids on encroaching colonists

• Pontiacs rebellion

• PROCLAMATION OF 1763 - Britain said to stop going past applaciain mountains so that there are no more issues with native Americans

colonists wanted to move westward though

war was EXPENSIVE

• british parliament gave lots of taxes

• salutary neglect - gave colonists the sense that they managed their own affairs, but the era of salutary neglect was over

• stricter enforcement of navigation acts

• and quartering act - empirial troops remained

• colonists were responsible for feeding and housing the soldiers

• sugar act

virtual representation ?

• parliament claimed this is what the colonists did

• sons and daughters of liberty dedicated themselves to the repeal of the stamp acyt

• stamp act congress - petition to british parliament

• taxation without representation was tyrrany

• they rejected stamp act as loyal subjects, NOT for independene

• parliament listneed

• also passed declaratory act - right to pass any law they wanted to

townshend acts - taxes on paper, glass, tea, etc

• highly organized protests

• boycotted many british goods

• especially women - brew their own tea, avoided their textiles

boston massacre

“intolerable acts” new tyranny

• patriots were annoyed

• colonists created armed groups

• leaders gathered in the continental congress

• colonies agreed they needed to resist

• still wanted to remain british subjects, did not consider indepdenence

guiding principles was ENLIGHTMENMENT

• NATURAL RIGHTS - all are endowed certain rights by god

• idea of social contract - power to govern is in the hands of people and they give some of that to create a govt capable of protecting their rights

• separation of powers - various branches to check and balance

revolution was not on the table at the continental congress

• significant factor - COMMON SENSE - Thomas Paine - argued powerfully for independence. used biblical evidence

• elite folks were reading enlightenment stuff from John locke, etc, while common sense was written for regular people

• he put language to the things colonists felt but couldn’t articulate

• only way forward was as independent americans

SECOND CONTIENNTAL CONGRESS

declaration of independence composed by jefferson

• REVOLUTIONARY WAR

• loyalists - peopel opposed to the war

american revolution

• continental congress approved continental army and George Washington was leader

• ill-equipped, blah blah blah

• Britain had a very powerful military

• needed help from a foreign ally

• BATTLE OF SARATOGA - turning point - american victory

  • french allied with americans

  • Benjamin franklins diplomatic work

  • maquis de lafayette

• BATTLE OF YORKTOWN, BRITISH SURRENDERED

• Paris peace treaty - war was over

black americans fought in the war, patriot cause FREE FROM NORTH OR LIBERATED FROM SOUTH, fought right alongside white soldiers

hessian soldiers - germans who british paid to fight for them

new government

• how did revolutionary ideas affect american society?

  • slavery - “all men are created equal” so many northern abolished slavery and slave trade was stopped, however, this did NOT work.

  • opening of state and national govts

    • state universalized suffrage - right to vote w/o respect to title or nobility

    • abolished titles etc

  • WOMEN - stayed behind and plowed and planted fields + normal domestic duties

    • ladies association of philidelphia

    • some women dressed like men and fought\

    • REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD - women were vital to a healthy democracy because they were able to raise sons well schooled in republican ideas, so WOMEN needed to be WELL EDUCATATED.

• how did It effect global society?

  • other revolutionary movements were inspired

  • FRENCH REVOLUTION - some formed national assembly, declaration fo rights of man and citizen

  • haitian revolution - French colony, killed & burned many houses

    • victory + formed their own govt

    • first black led independent nation

  • latin american countries as well

    • spain & portugal

    • Mexico, peru, etc all overthrew former colonizing powers

articles of confederation

• sueprmajority

• rigid unchangeable

• regards to westward migration - kept having indian problems

  • northwest ordinance !!!!!

    • abolished slavery there

    • created a way they can get a population and apply for statehood

• SHAYS REBELLION!!!

• daniel shay

  • displayed weakness of articles of confederation

  • alarmed national leaders that wondered about what to do when there was more angry farmers

    • how there was no president or federal army or someone to fix the issue !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

constitutional convention

• supposed to revise articles but realized they need a whole new constitution

• FEDERALISTS - stronger central government

• ANTI FEDERALISTS - opposed increase in government

• how would the people be represented?

VIRGINIA PLAN - representation by population

• favored big states

NEW JERSEY PLAN - states represented equally

• favored small states

THE GREAT COMPROMISE/connecticut

• bicameral congress

• house of reps was population

• senate was representaed equally

• southerners wanted all slaves to be counted

• northerners opposed this

3/5 compromise - slaves were 3/5 of a person

RATIFICATION issue

• FEDERALIST PAPERS - persuasive essays written by Hamilton, John jay, etc, to get people to ratify the constitution

• antifederalists - didnt want to ratify constitution

• bill of rights - individual liberties

  • created for anti-feds support

federalism - sharing of power between national govt and state govt

• supremacy clause - national govt trumps state govt

  • enumerated powers of congress - i.e. power to declare war

• 10th amendment - powers not delegated for fed govt belong to state govts

separation of powers

american culture

• public education

• artists wanted to paint historical ideals

• republican motherhood - raising virtuous sons

George Washington was elected president and John Adams was vp

• treasury of state, war, and justice

Alexander Hamilton - first secretary of treasury

• many sweeping policies

• federal govt assumed states war debts

• creation of national bank

FRENCH REVOLUTION

• Washington said we were too fledgling to go into war so he made a proclamation of neutrality

• BRITISH CEASED AMERICAN SHIPS AND DID IMPRESSMENT

  • jay’s treaty - british said they will give up their posts

  • Spanish thought america was getting too cozy with Britain, so the pinckney treaty was created

    • PINCKNEY TREATY -

      • americans can use port of new orleans

      • southern border falls along 31 pallelel

rumors that british supplied arms to natives to go against america

• BATTLE OF FALLEN TIMBERS

• indian surrender of all land in Ohio river valley

whiskey rebellion - attack on whiskey

• tax collectors tried to collect revenue from farmers

• federalized militia and sent them to crush the rebellion

• democratic republicans specifically JEFFERSON opposed this

2 party system

• FEDERALISTS - Alexander Hamilton, strong govt

• DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS - jefferson, state rights

Washington’s farewell address warned against factionalism

John adams was second presidenty

• WASHINGTON & ADAMS WEERE BOTH FEDERALIST

  • war broke out between Britain and france

  • declared neutral

  • adams sent delegation to france

    • demanded a bribe

    • xyz affair

alien and sedition acts

• alien acts made it legal to deport immigrants - i.e. Irish and Scottish who opposed federalist sympathies for Britain

• sedition acts made it illegal to be rude about the govt

DREMORATIC REPUBLICANS THOUGHT IT WAS TOO MUCH so they came up withhh…

virginia and kentucy resoltuions

• any law passed that is constitutional can be nullified by states

Thomas Jefferson was third president

republican motherhood - mothers can influence political ideas to their sons, so they needed to be educated

• sacred duty

• worked to expand schooling for girls

national identity

• works of art, literature, articeture

• influenced by European style

• enlightenment influence on paintings

• John Trumbull - romanticized ways

  • nationalistic fervor

• monticello

• poor Richards alamanack - ben Franklin - only the Bible outsold it

  • aphorisms like a penny saved is a penny earned

  • shaped american identity as industrious and hardworking

VIRGINIA STATUE OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

• separated church and state

relationship between Britain, Spain, indians

• concern among political elites

• indian trade and intercourse act

  • provisions for fair dealings

  • settlers ignored

  • westward migration increased

• tension with Spain - Pinckney treaty - decided the border - 31st parallel

legacy of slavery

• regional attitudes emerge

• north had increase of free blacks

• first African american church

• south had a huge enslaved black population that was growing

• new legislation made it impossible to escape slavery

• people who went to south brought slaves there too