Test 2 Notes

Europe After Napoleon (1815-1849)

Napoleon (1814-1815): “Emperor of Elba”; the “Hundred Days”; Battle of Waterloo; St. Helena
Metternich and the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
- Metternich: Was largely responsible for the policy of balance of power in Europe to ensure the stability of European governments. After 1815 he remained firmly opposed to liberal ideas and revolutionary movements.
- Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria, and Prussia met up to work together to keep the peace between the different countries. Wanting peace and order.
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I. The “Great Powers”: Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, France

Ottoman Empire was not included due to not being Christian
Europe and Change
- Meetings of European leaders to oppose further change (the \n Congress System)
- Supporting legitimate (pre-Napoleonic) monarchies (Louis \n XVIII, for example)
- Maintaining a Balance of Power
“Reconstructed” Europe (about 1820)

II. Major Groups Opposing Metternich’s “Concert of Europe”

Liberals: Tennis Court Oath People. They made a fair amount of money and wanted to have rights and freedom of religion. Basically want a written constitution, the right to a fair trial, and freedom of the press. Did not want free healthcare and free college
Radicals (Democrats): Want all men to begin to vote. Probably want schools for everybody. Radical but not totally into government taking over businesses. Was not into making society making fairer for the poor
Socialists: You made. a lot of money, so we want you to share it. Most money should go to make the world a better place.
Nationalists: The kind of nationalism that we see at the Olympics or with smaller countries with something to prove (Ukraine). Got to get people moving. Wants to dominate and control other people. Can be a great unifying force but can create a lot of war.

III. Liberals, Nationalism, and Constitutions

Germany: Austrian or Prussian led
- Germany is younger than the United States
The Hopes of some Italians for a Nation
- So different. Younger than the United States. Italy was created around the Civil War
The Ottoman Empire and Greece (1832)
- Small country but a very important one. GREECE. The idea of we support the little one (Greece). End of 2/3/23 Lecture

IV. The 1848 Revolutions and their Results

End of the Concert of Europe
Strong demands for nations and constitutions
More radical solutions offered
General failures of the Revolutions

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Study Guide

THIS TEST COVERS CHAPTERS 24, 25, 26 AS WELL AS ALL LECTURES SINCE THE LAST TEST. NOTE THAT THIS TEST WILL ONCE AGAIN MULTIPLE CHOICE ONLY. THIS SECTION WHICH WILL HAVE QUESTIONS INVOLVING ASIA AND AFRICA AS WELL AS EUROPE.

What to Read

IN THE TEXTBOOK (12TH EDITION, VOLUME 2), CAREFULLY STUDY THE ARTICLES ENTITLED “INDIVIDUALS IN SOCIETY”, “COMPARE VIEWPOINTS”, “ANALYZE WRITTEN EVIDENCE”. THEY ARE CAREFULLY NOTED IN BOLD IN THE TEXTBOOK BUT I’LL BE GLAD TO LIST THEM BY NAME IF YOU NEED THAT.

Chapter 24

GERMAN AND ITALIAN VIEWS ON NATIONALISM (P. 704)
GEORGE SAND (P. 719)
TIPPU TIP (P. 732)
THE CONGO FREE STATE (P. 736)
A FRENCH LEADER DEFENDS IMPERIALISM (P. 740)
AFRICAN VIEWS OF THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA (PP. 746-747)
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION FOR INDIANS (PP. 762-763)
JOSE RIZAL (P. 767)
FUKUZAWA YUKICHI "ESCAPE FROM ASIA" (PP. 774-775)

Chapter 25

METTERNICH, LEADER OF AUSTRIAN GOVERNMENT UNTIL 1848
“CONGRESS SYSTEM” ORIGINATED BY METTERNICH, PRIME MINISTER OF THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
“HOLY ALLIANCE”: RUSSIA, PRUSSIA, AUSTRIA
KING LOUIS XVIII OF FRANCE, YOUNGER BROTHER OF LOUIS XVI
LIBERALISM: ITS MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE
LAISSEZ-FAIRE: ECONOMIC IDEA POPULAR AMONG LIBERALS
GREAT POWERS OF THIS TIME (BRITAIN, FRANCE, AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA, RUSSIA)
THE "CONCERT OF EUROPE"
OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND GREEK INDEPENDENCE
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
CONSERVATISM
LEGITIMATE MONARCHS: THOSE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH NAPOLEON'S REGIME
THE BALANCE OF POWER AMONG EUROPEAN POWERS TO PREVENT ONE POWER DOMINATION
RADICALISM (IDEOLOGY ENDORSING DEMOCRACY)
1848 REVOLUTIONS IN AUSTRIAN EMPIRE AND ELSEWHERE
GARIBALDI AND HIS RED SHIRTS: ITALIAN NATIONALISM
COUNT CAVOUR OF PIEDMONT: ITALIAN UNIFICATION
NAPOLEON III, EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH
PARIS COMMUNE (1871) REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT BRIEFLY RULING PARIS
THE AUSGLEICH: THE MERGER THAT CREATED THE STATE OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND SURVIVED UNTIL WORLD WAR I
ANTI-SEMITISM (SIGNIFICANCE FOR 19TH CENTURY EUROPE)
ZIONISM AND THEODOR HERZL, HUNGARIAN JEWISH WRITER WHO DEVELOPS THE IDEA OF A JEWISH HOMELAND= ZIONISM
THE “DREYFUS AFFAIR” AND THE FRENCH THIRD REPUBLIC (CATHOLIC, MILITARY, UPPER CLASS VERSUS JEWS, REPUBLICANS, MIDDLE CLASS)
THE OCTOBER MANIFESTO” OF 1905 (RUSSIA) IN WHICH THE TAR'S GOVERNMENT AGREES TO HAVE CERTAIN WESTERN BELIEFS SUCH AS POLITICAL PARTIES AND PARLIAMENT (DUMA)
OTTO VON BISMARCK PRUSSIAN PRIME MINISTER WHO BECAME GERMAN CHANCELLOR
THE KULTURKAMPF : GERMAN STRUGGLE AGAINST POWER AND INFLUENCE OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN GERMANY, ACCORDING TO BISMARCK
BERLIN (CAPITAL OF PRUSSIA, THEN OF ALL GERMANY)
VERSAILLES (SITE OF THE CORONATION OF WILLIAM I AS GERMAN EMPEROR TO HUMILIATE THE FRENCH)
ALSACE-LORRAINE: TAKEN BY PRUSSIA FROM FRANCE
FRANKFORT ASSEMBLY (1848) TRIED BUT FAILED TO UNIFY GERMAN STATES INTO ONE NATION
KLEINDEUTSCH : PLAN FOR A “SMALL GERMANY” WITHOUT AUSTRIA
GROSSDEUTSCH : PLAN FOR A “LARGE GERMANY” LED BY AUSTRIA
WILLIAM I, KING OF PRUSSIA AND GERMAN EMPEROR FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR
UTOPIAN SOCIALISM AND ROBERT OWEN
NEW HARMONY, INDIANA (HOME OF UTOPIAN COMMUNITY)
"SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM" (MARXISTS CALLED THEIR IDEA THIS BECAUSE IT WAS BASED ON THEIR BELIEF IN THEIR TRUTH)
SOCIAL DARWINISM (BELIEF THAT NATIONS, RACES AND GROUPS RISE AND FALL LIKE DIVISIONS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS)
LABOR THEORY OF SURPLUS VALUE (PREVAILING BELIEF THAT THE WEALTHY TAKE FOR THEMSELVES THE PROFITS MADE FROM BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY THUS STEALING THEM FROM THE WORKERS)
ANARCHISM (THE BELIEF AMONG MANY THAT GOVERNMENTS ARE EVIL AND USED TO OPPRESS THE MASSES OF PEOPLE_
MICHAEL BAKUNIN: RUSSIAN LEADER OF THE ANARCHISTS AND INTERNATIONAL FIGURE IN THE MOVEMENT
BOURGEOISIE (THOSE OF THE UPPER AND MIDDLE CLASS) AND PROLETARIAT (THE MASSES)
CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS AND CLASS HOSTILITY (IDEAS IMPORTANT FOR SOCIALISTS AND UNION PEOPLE)
FREDERIC ENGELS, MARX’S CHIEF COLLABORATOR
MARXIST REVISIONISM (EXAMPLE: EDOUARD BERNSTEIN, GERMAN POLITICAL LEADER): MARXISTS CAN OPERATE AND FUNCTION LIKE OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES
"DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT": THE STAGE IN MARXIST THEORY OF CLASS RULE (BY MEMBERS OF THE PARTY) BEFORE THE EVOLUTION OF A CLASSLESS SOCIETY
TRADE UNIONISM: MOVEMENT SUPPORTING WORKERS’ RIGHTS BUT NOT NECESSARILY SOCIALIST OR ANARCHIST
SOCIAL DEMOCRATS (POLITICAL GROUP WHO WERE SOCIALISTS BUT NOT DID FOLLOW THE IDEAS OF KARL MARX)

Chapter 25 Part 2: AFRICA, SOUTHWEST ASIA, AND THE NEW IMPERIALISM?

SOCIAL DARWINISM
THE “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”
J.A. HOBSON ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPERIALISM
V.I. LENIN’S AND HOBSON’S THEORIES
IMPERIALISM: “WHITE MAN’S BURDEN”(SO-CALLED BY RUDYARD KIPLING, THE BRITISH POET)
THE “SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA” AMONG EUROPEAN POWERS
KING LEOPOLD II OF THE BELGIANS AND THE CONGO
DAVID LIVINGSTONE (MISSIONARY)BROUGHT PUBLICITY TO THE EUROPEAN INVOLVEMENT IN AFRICA
HENRY STANLEY (PUBLICIST) FOR IMPERIALISM : HIS CONNECTION TO BELGIUM AND THE BELGIAN CONGO
THE BERLIN CONFERENCE (1884-1885) DETERMINED "RULES" FOR IMPERIAL RULE
CECIL RHODES, BRITISH IMPERIALIST IN SOUTH AFRICA
QUEEN VICTORIA, THE EMPRESS OF INDIA AND SYMBOL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ITS “YOUNG TURKS”
MUHAMMAD ALI AND EGYPT
SUEZ CANAL AND BRITISH LEADER DISRAELI’S ROLE
BATTLE OF ADOWA (ITALY VS. ETHIOPIA)
THE (ANGLO-FRENCH) "FASHODA CRISIS" IN AFRICA ALMOST BROUGHT ABOUT MAJOR WAR BETWEEN THE TWO EMPIRES IN AFRICA
LIBERIA (CAPITAL WAS MONROVIA) AND AMERICO-LIBERIAN RULING GROUP UNTIL THE 1980'S
THE “GREAT TREK” OF THE BOERS (1835-43) FROM SOUTHERNMOST AFRICA TO ESCAPE BRITISH CONTROL
THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA WAS FORMED AFTER THE BRITISH DEFEAT OF THE BOERS WITH THE UNIFICATION OF ALL SOUTH AFRICAN LANDS UNDER ONE GOVERNMENT

Chapter 26: Asia In The Era of Imperialism

GREAT MUTINY (GREAT REVOLT) IN INDIA (1857)
FRENCH INDOCHINA [LAOS, CAMBODIA, VIETNAM]
CHINESE OPIUM WAR (1839-42)
TREATY OF NANJING (1842)
“EXTRATERRITORIALITY” IN CHINA
EMPRESS DOWAGER CIXI WHO CONTROLLED PU YI, THE BOY EMPEROR
PU YI, THE LAST EMPEROR OF CHINA
TREATY PORTS IN CHINA, INCLUDING HONG KONG
“UNEQUAL TREATIES” WITH CHINA
NATIONALISTS (GUOMINTANG)
TAIPING REBELLION (1851-64) AGAINST MANCHU DYNASTY KOREA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR CHINA AND JAPAN
CHINESE BOXER REBELLION (AGAINST OCCUPYING POWERS IN CHINA)
U.S. OPEN DOOR POLICY IN CHINA
1911 REVOLUTION (END OF IMPERIAL CHINA)
SUN YATSEN (1ST MAJOR LEADER OF CHINESE REPUBLIC)
TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE
U.S. COMMODORE MATTHEW PERRY AND “GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY” FROM USA TO JAPAN
SINO-JAPANESE WAR (1894-1895)
DUTCH EAST INDIES (TODAY’S INDONESIA)
MEIJI RESTORATION (MODERNIZATION OF JAPAN)
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (1904-1905): FURTHER DECLINE OF RUSSIA AND RISE OF JAPAN AS MAJOR POWER
THE TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH [NEW HAMPSHIRE] WITH THE INVOLVEMENT OF PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT, NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER