Europe After Napoleon (1815-1849)

Europe After Napoleon (1815-1849)

• Napoleon (1814-1815): “Emperor of Elba”; the “Hundred Days”; Battle of Waterloo; St. Helena

• Metternich and the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

  • Metternich: Was largely responsible for the policy of balance of power in Europe to ensure the stability of European governments. After 1815 he remained firmly opposed to liberal ideas and revolutionary movements.

  • Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria, and Prussia met up to work together to keep the peace between the different countries. Wanting peace and order.

I. The “Great Powers”: Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, France

• Ottoman Empire was not included due to not being Christian

• Europe and Change

  • Meetings of European leaders to oppose further change (the
    Congress System)

  • Supporting legitimate (pre-Napoleonic) monarchies (Louis
    XVIII, for example)

  • Maintaining a Balance of Power

• “Reconstructed” Europe (about 1820)

II. Major Groups Opposing Metternich’s “Concert of Europe”

• Liberals: Tennis Court Oath People. They made a fair amount of money and wanted to have rights and freedom of religion. Basically want a written constitution, the right to a fair trial, and freedom of the press. Did not want free healthcare and free college

• Radicals (Democrats): Want all men to begin to vote. Probably want schools for everybody. Radical but not totally into government taking over businesses. Was not into making society making fairer for the poor

• Socialists: You made. a lot of money, so we want you to share it. Most money should go to make the world a better place.

• Nationalists: The kind of nationalism that we see at the Olympics or with smaller countries with something to prove (Ukraine). Got to get people moving. Wants to dominate and control other people. Can be a great unifying force but can create a lot of war.

III. Liberals, Nationalism, and Constitutions

• Germany: Austrian or Prussian led

  • Germany is younger than the United States

• The Hopes of some Italians for a Nation

  • So different. Younger than the United States. Italy was created around the Civil War

• The Ottoman Empire and Greece (1832)

  • Small country but a very important one. GREECE. The idea of we support the little one (Greece). End of 2/3/23 Lecture

IV. The 1848 Revolutions and their Results

1. End of the Concert of Europe

2. Strong demands for nations and constitutions

3. More radical solutions offered

4. General failures of the Revolutions

Study Guide

THIS TEST COVERS CHAPTERS 24, 25, 26 AS WELL AS ALL LECTURES SINCE THE LAST TEST.  NOTE THAT THIS TEST WILL ONCE AGAIN MULTIPLE CHOICE ONLY. THIS SECTION WHICH WILL HAVE QUESTIONS INVOLVING ASIA AND AFRICA AS WELL AS EUROPE.

What to Read

IN THE TEXTBOOK (12TH EDITION, VOLUME 2), CAREFULLY STUDY THE ARTICLES ENTITLED “INDIVIDUALS IN SOCIETY”, “COMPARE VIEWPOINTS”, “ANALYZE WRITTEN EVIDENCE”. THEY ARE CAREFULLY NOTED IN BOLD IN THE TEXTBOOK BUT I’LL BE GLAD TO LIST THEM BY NAME IF YOU NEED THAT.

Chapter 24

• GERMAN AND ITALIAN VIEWS ON NATIONALISM (P. 704)

• GEORGE SAND (P. 719)

• TIPPU TIP (P. 732)

• THE CONGO FREE STATE (P. 736)

• A FRENCH LEADER DEFENDS IMPERIALISM (P. 740)

• AFRICAN VIEWS OF THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA  (PP. 746-747)

• ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION FOR INDIANS (PP. 762-763)

• JOSE RIZAL (P. 767)

• FUKUZAWA YUKICHI "ESCAPE FROM ASIA" (PP. 774-775)

Chapter 25

• METTERNICH, LEADER OF AUSTRIAN GOVERNMENT UNTIL 1848

• “CONGRESS SYSTEM” ORIGINATED BY METTERNICH, PRIME MINISTER OF THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

• “HOLY ALLIANCE”: RUSSIA, PRUSSIA, AUSTRIA

• KING LOUIS XVIII OF FRANCE, YOUNGER BROTHER OF LOUIS XVI

• LIBERALISM: ITS MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE

• LAISSEZ-FAIRE: ECONOMIC IDEA POPULAR AMONG LIBERALS

• GREAT POWERS OF THIS TIME (BRITAIN, FRANCE, AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA, RUSSIA)

• THE "CONCERT OF EUROPE"

• OTTOMAN EMPIRE  AND GREEK INDEPENDENCE

• HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

• CONSERVATISM

• LEGITIMATE MONARCHS: THOSE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH NAPOLEON'S REGIME

• THE BALANCE OF POWER AMONG EUROPEAN POWERS  TO PREVENT ONE POWER DOMINATION

• RADICALISM (IDEOLOGY ENDORSING DEMOCRACY)

• 1848 REVOLUTIONS IN AUSTRIAN EMPIRE AND ELSEWHERE

• GARIBALDI AND HIS RED SHIRTS: ITALIAN NATIONALISM

• COUNT CAVOUR OF PIEDMONT: ITALIAN UNIFICATION

• NAPOLEON III, EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH

• PARIS COMMUNE  (1871)    REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT BRIEFLY RULING PARIS

• THE AUSGLEICH: THE MERGER THAT CREATED THE  STATE OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND SURVIVED  UNTIL WORLD WAR I

• ANTI-SEMITISM (SIGNIFICANCE FOR 19TH CENTURY EUROPE)

• ZIONISM AND THEODOR HERZL, HUNGARIAN JEWISH WRITER WHO DEVELOPS THE IDEA OF A JEWISH HOMELAND= ZIONISM

• THE “DREYFUS AFFAIR” AND THE FRENCH THIRD REPUBLIC  (CATHOLIC, MILITARY, UPPER CLASS VERSUS JEWS, REPUBLICANS, MIDDLE CLASS)

• THE OCTOBER MANIFESTO” OF 1905 (RUSSIA) IN WHICH THE TAR'S GOVERNMENT AGREES TO HAVE CERTAIN WESTERN BELIEFS SUCH AS POLITICAL PARTIES AND PARLIAMENT (DUMA)

• OTTO VON BISMARCK  PRUSSIAN PRIME MINISTER WHO BECAME GERMAN CHANCELLOR

• THE KULTURKAMPF :   GERMAN STRUGGLE  AGAINST POWER AND INFLUENCE OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN GERMANY, ACCORDING TO BISMARCK

• BERLIN (CAPITAL OF PRUSSIA, THEN OF ALL GERMANY)

• VERSAILLES (SITE OF THE CORONATION OF WILLIAM I AS GERMAN EMPEROR TO HUMILIATE THE FRENCH)

• ALSACE-LORRAINE: TAKEN BY PRUSSIA FROM FRANCE

• FRANKFORT ASSEMBLY (1848) TRIED BUT FAILED TO UNIFY GERMAN STATES INTO ONE NATION

• KLEINDEUTSCH : PLAN FOR A “SMALL GERMANY” WITHOUT AUSTRIA

• GROSSDEUTSCH : PLAN FOR A “LARGE GERMANY” LED BY AUSTRIA

• WILLIAM I, KING OF PRUSSIA AND GERMAN EMPEROR     FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR

• UTOPIAN SOCIALISM AND ROBERT OWEN

• NEW HARMONY, INDIANA (HOME OF UTOPIAN COMMUNITY)

• "SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM"                   (MARXISTS CALLED THEIR IDEA THIS BECAUSE IT WAS BASED ON THEIR BELIEF IN THEIR TRUTH)

• SOCIAL DARWINISM               (BELIEF THAT NATIONS, RACES AND GROUPS  RISE AND FALL LIKE DIVISIONS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS)

• LABOR THEORY OF SURPLUS VALUE (PREVAILING BELIEF THAT THE WEALTHY TAKE FOR THEMSELVES THE PROFITS MADE FROM BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY THUS STEALING THEM FROM THE WORKERS)

• ANARCHISM     (THE BELIEF AMONG MANY THAT GOVERNMENTS ARE EVIL AND USED TO OPPRESS THE MASSES OF PEOPLE_

• MICHAEL BAKUNIN: RUSSIAN LEADER OF THE ANARCHISTS AND INTERNATIONAL FIGURE IN THE MOVEMENT

• BOURGEOISIE (THOSE OF THE UPPER AND MIDDLE CLASS) AND PROLETARIAT (THE MASSES)

• CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS AND CLASS HOSTILITY  (IDEAS IMPORTANT FOR SOCIALISTS AND UNION PEOPLE)

• FREDERIC ENGELS, MARX’S CHIEF COLLABORATOR

• MARXIST REVISIONISM (EXAMPLE: EDOUARD BERNSTEIN, GERMAN POLITICAL LEADER): MARXISTS CAN OPERATE AND FUNCTION LIKE OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES

• "DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT": THE STAGE IN MARXIST THEORY  OF CLASS RULE (BY MEMBERS OF THE PARTY) BEFORE THE EVOLUTION OF A CLASSLESS SOCIETY

• TRADE UNIONISM: MOVEMENT SUPPORTING WORKERS’ RIGHTS BUT NOT NECESSARILY SOCIALIST OR ANARCHIST

• SOCIAL DEMOCRATS (POLITICAL GROUP WHO WERE SOCIALISTS BUT NOT DID FOLLOW THE IDEAS OF KARL MARX)

Chapter 25 Part 2: AFRICA, SOUTHWEST ASIA, AND THE NEW IMPERIALISM?

• SOCIAL DARWINISM

• THE “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”

• J.A. HOBSON ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPERIALISM

• V.I. LENIN’S AND HOBSON’S THEORIES

• IMPERIALISM: “WHITE MAN’S BURDEN”(SO-CALLED BY RUDYARD KIPLING, THE BRITISH POET)

• THE “SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA” AMONG EUROPEAN POWERS

• KING LEOPOLD II OF THE BELGIANS AND THE CONGO

• DAVID LIVINGSTONE (MISSIONARY)BROUGHT PUBLICITY TO THE EUROPEAN INVOLVEMENT IN AFRICA

• HENRY STANLEY (PUBLICIST)  FOR IMPERIALISM : HIS CONNECTION TO BELGIUM AND THE BELGIAN CONGO

• THE BERLIN CONFERENCE (1884-1885) DETERMINED "RULES" FOR IMPERIAL RULE

• CECIL RHODES, BRITISH IMPERIALIST IN SOUTH AFRICA

• QUEEN VICTORIA, THE EMPRESS OF INDIA AND SYMBOL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ITS “YOUNG TURKS”

• MUHAMMAD ALI AND EGYPT

• SUEZ CANAL AND BRITISH LEADER DISRAELI’S ROLE

• BATTLE OF ADOWA  (ITALY VS. ETHIOPIA)

• THE (ANGLO-FRENCH) "FASHODA CRISIS" IN AFRICA ALMOST BROUGHT ABOUT MAJOR WAR BETWEEN THE TWO EMPIRES IN AFRICA

• LIBERIA (CAPITAL WAS MONROVIA) AND AMERICO-LIBERIAN RULING GROUP UNTIL THE 1980'S

• THE “GREAT TREK” OF THE BOERS (1835-43) FROM SOUTHERNMOST AFRICA TO ESCAPE BRITISH CONTROL

• THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA WAS FORMED AFTER THE BRITISH DEFEAT OF THE BOERS WITH THE UNIFICATION OF ALL SOUTH AFRICAN LANDS UNDER ONE GOVERNMENT

Chapter 26: Asia In The Era of Imperialism

• GREAT MUTINY (GREAT REVOLT) IN INDIA (1857)

• FRENCH INDOCHINA [LAOS, CAMBODIA, VIETNAM]

• CHINESE OPIUM WAR (1839-42)

• TREATY OF NANJING (1842)

• “EXTRATERRITORIALITY” IN CHINA

• EMPRESS DOWAGER CIXI WHO CONTROLLED PU YI, THE BOY EMPEROR

• PU YI, THE LAST EMPEROR OF CHINA

• TREATY PORTS IN CHINA, INCLUDING HONG KONG

• “UNEQUAL TREATIES” WITH CHINA

• NATIONALISTS (GUOMINTANG)

• TAIPING REBELLION (1851-64) AGAINST MANCHU DYNASTY  KOREA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR CHINA AND JAPAN

• CHINESE BOXER REBELLION (AGAINST OCCUPYING POWERS IN CHINA)

• U.S. OPEN DOOR POLICY IN CHINA

• 1911 REVOLUTION (END OF IMPERIAL CHINA)

• SUN YATSEN (1ST MAJOR LEADER OF CHINESE REPUBLIC)

• TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE

• U.S. COMMODORE MATTHEW PERRY AND “GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY” FROM USA TO JAPAN

• SINO-JAPANESE WAR   (1894-1895)

• DUTCH EAST INDIES (TODAY’S INDONESIA)

• MEIJI RESTORATION (MODERNIZATION OF JAPAN)

• RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (1904-1905): FURTHER DECLINE OF RUSSIA AND RISE OF JAPAN AS MAJOR POWER

• THE TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH [NEW HAMPSHIRE] WITH THE INVOLVEMENT OF PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT, NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER