Communication Strategies

Why do People communicate?

• To Maintain and establish a relationship
• To find meaning in what they do daily
• To know oneself

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Note: Successful communication requires understanding, but sometimes we encounter problems because of different factors.

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Communicative Strategies

• These are language learners ==use to overcome communication problems== in order for them to convey their intended meaning.

• According to Cohen 1990, Communicative Strategies must be used to start and keep the conversation going.

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TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES:

1. Nomination

   • Proposing or Suggesting a topic with the people you are communicating to.
   • It is the Beginning or Opening of a conversation.

2. Restriction

   • Limiting the topic or subject in conversation.
   • This only happens when the person wants to focus on a certain aspect of the topic being discussed due to some limiting factors.

3. Turn-Taking

   • People decide who will take the conversation floor.

   • Allowing others to speak.

     Turn-Taking Strategies:

     • Speak, then ask
     • Use conjunctions
     • Avoid interruptions
     • Consider fluency over accuracy

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4. Topic Control

   • regulating or manipulating the topic of the conversation and how long we want the other person may talk.

5. Topic Shifting

   • Changing the subject in a conversation, moving from one topic to another.
   • done without announcing the change of the topic and keeping the communication.

6. Repair

   • The correction by the speaker of a misunderstood utterance.
   • How the speaker addresses the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation.

4 Varieties of Repair Sequence

1. Self-Initiated and Self Repair
   • both initiated and carried out by the speaker.
2. Other-Initiated and Self-Repair
   • initiated by the recipient, the repair is carried out by the speaker.
3. Self-Initiated and Other Repair
   • speaker initiated the receiver to repair the trouble.
4. Other-Initiated and Other-Repair
   • receiver initiates and carries out the trouble

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7. Termination
   • ending the conversation or closing up a discussion
   • refers to the conversation participant’s close initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation.

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