UT

BASIC CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

I. Basic Construction Materials

  • Overview of construction materials and their significance in building processes.

II. Easements

  • Setback Regulations

    • 40m setback required for structures along riverbanks and waterways measured from the highest water level during high tides.

  • Requirements for Structures on Slopes

    • Structures on slopes exceeding 100% grade must adhere to specific construction guidelines.

III. Excavation and Shoring

  • Safety Procedures

    • Before entering excavation sites deeper than 1.5m or wider than twice the trench width, support structures must be installed or walls sloped appropriately.

  • Load Considerations

    • Excavation and shoring must support soil, vehicle, and material loads.

IV. Backfill and Compaction

  • Importance of backfill in providing stability and support to structures.

V. Foundation Works

  • Footing Requirements

    • Dig footing from natural grade line.

    • Pour 50mm or 100mm gravel bed for drainage.

    • Install 75mm thick spacers at 600mm intervals for structural integrity.

    • Minimum compressive strength of spacer should be 1000 psi.

  • Reinforcement Process

    • Lay reinforcing bars tied with #16 G.I. wires before pouring concrete.

    • Provide starter bars or dowels to facilitate load transfer.

    • Ensure concrete is poured to specified thickness.

VI. Slump Test

  • Procedure to check the consistency of concrete mix:

    • Fill slump cone to quarter depth and tamper 25 times; repeat three times to fill cone and smooth the top.

    • Measure slump after removing cone; consistent mixes should yield the same slump.

    • Standard slump specifications range from 50mm to 75mm.

VII. Compression Test

  • Sample Collection

    • Collect five cylinders per concrete truck delivery for testing:

      • Tested on 7th, 14th, and 28th day.

      • Two spare samples for backup.

    • A minimum of three samples must be tested regardless of concrete volume.

VIII. Pouring Concrete on Slab

  • Best Practices

    • Commence from the farthest point, working back towards the concrete source.

    • Ensure forms are fixed, oiled, cleaned, and free of water before pouring.

    • Verify proper reinforcement spacing from formwork prior to concrete placement.

IX. Foundation on Sloping Terrain

  • Special considerations for constructing foundations on sloped land, including additional stabilization measures.

X. Dewatering

  • Techniques to remove water from excavated areas, ensuring dry conditions for construction work.

XI. Rebar Works

  • Ensuring appropriate splice locations for different structural components such as beams, cantilever beams, columns, and suspended slabs.

  • Details on bottom bar splices at supports, beam-column connections, and spacing requirements.

XII. Removal of Forms and Concrete Pouring of Columns

  • Restrictions on maximum height of concrete placement in forms set at 1500mm.

XIII. Concrete Works

  • Concrete Proportioning

    • General purpose, moderate sulfate attack, high-early strength, and slow curing cement specifications according to ASTM standards.

XIV. Masonry Works

  • Overview of guidelines and techniques used in masonry construction.

XV. Lintel Beam and Wall Opening

  • Key considerations for designing and installing lintel beams above openings in walls.

XVI. Roughing-ins Electrical

  • Guidelines for electrical installations and integration into construction practices.

XVII. Roof Installation

  • J-bolt Installation Process

    • Requires two workers: One to insert bolts from indoors, another to fasten nuts from outdoors with precautions to prevent sheet warping.

    • Neoprene gaskets and matching washers secured during the fastening process.

XVIII. Roof Framing Works

  • J-bolt Alignment

    • Ensure the hook of the J-bolt on the purlin is perpendicular to the G.I. sheet.

    • Properly lay out the J-bolt placement and drilling points, ensuring accurate alignment to prevent drilling mistakes.

XIX. Roofing Sheet Installation Guide

  • Focus on correct practices for installing roofing sheets, especially when not using long-span materials.

XX. Steel Truss Fabrication and Erection

  • Detailed guidelines for steel truss fabrication at ground level and requirements for lateral cross bracing in roof systems.