CIVVV

What kind of government did Russia have in 1916? an autocratic monarchy

Who had the most power in Russia? the tsar

Was Russia more or less autocratic than other European countries? More autocratic.

How long had Russian society been unstable? Since the mid-1800s.

What caused the instability? Failed industry, repression, pogroms.

What was happening to Russian soldiers in WW1? millions were dying

How was Russia doing in WW1 battles? losing badly

What was the Tsar and Tsarina's relationship like? they were in love

What illness did the heir to the throne have? hemophilia

Who were the Communists? Extreme liberal-minded revolutionaries.

What kind of change did Communists believe in? Revolutionary change.

What did Communists want? Equality and no private property.

Did other countries have communist parties? Yes, many industrialized ones.

Why was Russia ready for a communist revolution? Conditions were ripe for change.

What happened in 1917? Protests and mutinies.

What did these events force Nicholas II to do? Abdicate the throne.

What did the new government want? Reform and democracy.

What major mistake did the new government make? Stayed in WW1.

What was the result of staying in the war? It led to their downfall.

Who was Vladimir Lenin? An exiled Russian Marxist.

What did Lenin write? Communist pamphlets.

What did Lenin speak out against? the government

What kind of speaker was Lenin? powerful speaker

What did Lenin say workers needed for revolution? Guidance from a soviet.

Who helped Lenin return to Russia in 1917? the germans

What were Soviets? Socialist worker councils.

What did Soviets become? Powerful and influential.

What was the most influential Soviet? The Petrograd Soviet.

What did the Petrograd Soviet demand? An end to Russia's role in WW1.

Who were the Bolsheviks? Communist radicals.

What did they take control of? The Petrograd Soviet.

What was the Bolsheviks' slogan? "Peace, Land and Bread."

What did they do across Russia? Riled up the working classes.

What happened in Red October (1917)? Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government.

Who became in power after Red October? Lenin

What did Lenin do regarding WW1? Withdrew Russia from the war.

What did Lenin publish? Secret agreements with other countries.

What did Russia descend into after the revolution? Civil war (1917-1923).

How many Russians died in the civil war? up to 10 milllionn

What happened to the Tsar and his family? They were executed.

What was the new name of Russia after the revolution? soviet union - USSR

How long was the Soviet Union the only communist country? 25 years

How was the Soviet Union viewed? as a pariah (outcast)

What happened after WW2? Soviet influence grew worldwide.

quick check ...

What were socialist worker councils called? soviets

Who were the radicals who took control of the Petrograd Soviet? The Bolsheviks.

What type of ideology is Communism? extreme liberal ideology

Who coined the idea of Communism? karl marx

What did Communism focus on? the future, not the past

Who did Communism appeal to? Downtrodden laborers of the Industrial Revolution.

What was the belief in Communism? all people are equal

Was Communism ever fully achieved? no

What did Communism aim to abolish? Private property and religion.

What was the goal of Communism? to spread around the world

What was the Russian Civil War? A multi-party civil war (1917-1923).

How many people died in the Civil War? An estimated 10 million.

What was the Red Terror? Lenin's use of terror and secret police.

Who were targeted during the Red Terror? "The Whites."

What dominated Russia during the Civil War? Political oppression.

What was War Communism? A temporary measure that became mostly permanent.

What kind of government control did War Communism lead to? Authoritarian control over everything.

What did the government control? Industry, foreign trade, and banned private enterprise.

What happened to workers under War Communism? Strict discipline (no strikes) and obligatory labor for non-working class.

What did the government seize? All private property.

What was outlawed under War Communism? religion

What impact did War Communism have on the economy? It caused major damage.

What was the New Economic Policy (NEP)? Lenin's temporary plan to strengthen the economy.

What did the NEP introduce? Aspects of capitalism.

What did the NEP allow? Private ownership of light industry and retail.

What did the NEP open up? Foreign investment.

What did the NEP permit for farmers? Small farmers could own land and sell goods at market.

What did the state still control? Heavy industry, banking, transport, and foreign trade.

What was the result of the NEP? The economy grew.

How did communists feel about the NEP? It was polarizing for communist purists.

What happened in 1924? Lenin died of a stroke.

What happened after Lenin's death? A deadly fight for leadership among his lieutenants.

Who was Leon Trotsky? An idealistic leader and Lenin's successor.

What happened to Trotsky? He was forced into exile.

Where did Trotsky settle? In Mexico.

What happened to Trotsky in 1940? He was assassinated by a Soviet agent on Stalin's orders.

Who was Joseph Stalin? A violent, paranoid leader (1924-1953).

How did Stalin come to power? He took over after a power struggle following Lenin's death.

What did Stalin do with the New Economic Policy? He abolished its measures.

What did Stalin focus on? industrialization

How did Stalin rule at first? He ruled collectively with others until the 1930s.

What did Stalin become in the 1930s? A totalitarian dictator.

What does Stalin mean? "Man of Steel" (a name he gave himself).

What were the Five Year Plans? Stalin's programs to modernize and industrialize the Soviet Union.

What was the result of the Five Year Plans? The USSR industrialized at a huge cost.

What did Stalin force people to do? Relocate to areas of development.

How many people died as a result of the first Five Year Plan? 7 million

What was collectivization? The process of combining individual farms into state-controlled farms.

Why did Soviet leadership implement collectivization? To increase the food supply and reduce individualism.

What was the result of collectivization? It was a failure, and the food supply decreased.

What was the Holodomor (1932-1933)? The starvation of 5 million Ukrainians due to collectivization.

What was the purpose of the Holodomor? To break Ukrainian nationalism.

What were the Stalinist Purges? Stalin had 11 million "enemies" arrested, jailed, or executed.

What was the purpose of the purges? To remove political enemies (real and perceived).

Who was specifically targeted? Military, doctors, and intelligentsia.

What happened to the military before WW2? It was in a sorry state because many top officials were removed.

What did Stalin achieve? He achieved his goals but discredited communism through repression and violence.

Was the Soviet Union a "Worker's Paradise"? No, it became a brutal totalitarian state.

Why did communism continue to spread after WW2? Because of post-war conditions and Soviet success over the Nazis.

quick check ...

What was the "Red Terror?" Lenin's use of secret police to kill enemies.

Describe "War Communism." Total government control during the Civil War.

What was the name of Stalin's programs to industrialize the Soviet Union? Five Year Plans.

What was the Cold War? A period of tense U.S.-Soviet hostility (1945-1991).

Did the U.S. and Soviet Union go to war? No, they never fought directly.

How did they compete? In technology, sports, economics, reputation, and influence

What did Stalin want Eastern Europe to be? A "buffer" against Germany.

What did the U.S. and its allies want for Eastern Europe? For them to choose freely.

What was this region called? The Eastern Bloc.

What were Satellite Nations? Countries controlled by the Soviet Union.

Which countries were Satellite Nations? Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.

What was the "Iron Curtain"? A metaphor for the division between communists and capitalists.

Who coined the term "Iron Curtain"? Winston Churchill.

What did the iron curtain describe? The divide in Europe and the world after WW2.

What was the Truman Doctrine? A U.S. pledge to stop the spread of communism.

What was Containment? A U.S. policy treating communism like a disease.

What was the Domino Theory? The fear that if one country fell to communism, others would follow.

What did this theory lead the U.S. to do? Intervene in many countries.

Where did the U.S. fight to contain communism? Korea and Vietnam.

What was the result of the Korean War? A stalemate in the 1950s.

What was the result of the Vietnam War? A loss in the 1960s and 1970s.

What did some countries like India, Finland, and Sweden try to do? Stay neutral in the Cold War.

What happened to newly independent countries? They faced pressure from the U.S. and Soviet Union.

quick check ...

Describe what happened to Eastern and Western Europe after WW2. Eastern Europe became communist; Western Europe stayed democratic.

What is a Satellite Nation? A country controlled by the Soviet Union.

What wars did the U.S. find itself fighting because of its Containment policy? Korean War and Vietnam War.

What was the Arms Race? A U.S.-Soviet competition to build powerful weapons.

What was the goal? To keep a strategic advantage.

When was it most intense? During the 1950s and 1960s.

What happened in 1949? Both the U.S. and Soviet Union had atomic bombs.

What type of reactions did atomic bombs use? Fission reactions.

What did the U.S. test in 1952? The first hydrogen bomb.

What kind of reactions did hydrogen bombs use? Fusion reactions, much more powerful than atomic bombs.

When did the USSR test their first hydrogen bomb? In 1953.

What did the USSR do with hydrogen bombs until the mid-1960s? They tested H-bombs with larger yields.

What did the superpowers create to deliver bombs? Better technology to deliver bombs further and faster.

What did the U.S. initially focus on? Bombers and spy planes.

What allowed nuclear bombs to be delivered without planes? ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles).

Who first developed ICBMs? The USSR, due to its smaller air force.

Did the U.S. catch up? Yes, the U.S. quickly developed ICBMs.

What became the primary delivery method after the 1950s? ICBMs.

What did both sides develop in the Arms Race? Submarine technology to launch nuclear missiles.

Why were submarines dangerous? Their stealthy nature made them a powerful weapon.

What is a MIRV? A missile with multiple nuclear warheads.

What can a MIRV do? One ICBM can strike multiple targets.

What was the Space Race? A Cold War competition focused on science, technology, and space.

When did it start? When the USSR launched Sputnik in 1957.

How did the U.S. react? They were terrified and focused on beating the Soviets in space exploration.

What did the Soviets achieve in space before the U.S.? They got the first man into space.

What did the U.S. vow to do? To get the first man on the Moon.

When did the U.S. achieve this? In 1969 (Apollo 11).

What happened after this achievement? The Space Race died down.

What happened in 1960? The U.S. spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Union.

What was the result of the U2 Incident? The surviving pilot was put on trial.

How did the U.S. react to the U2 incident? It was a huge embarrassment, as they claimed not to be flying over the USSR.

What was the Berlin Crisis? The Soviets built the Berlin Wall to stop East Germans from defecting to West Berlin.

What did the Berlin Wall symbolize? It became a symbol of Cold War divisions.

When was the Berlin Wall removed? In 1989.

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? A 13-day nuclear standoff between the U.S. and Soviet Union over missiles in Cuba.

What started the crisis? The U.S. discovered the USSR was setting up missiles in Cuba.

What did the Cuban Missile Crisis represent? The closest the world ever came to nuclear war.

What was the process of reducing Cold War tensions called? Detente

What did both sides agree to during Detente? Peaceful coexistence.

What did the U.S. and Soviet Union work on? Better communication and weapons limitations.

Did they completely stop fighting each other? No, they still tried to sabotage and undermine each other.

quick check ...

In the early 1960s, the Soviets built what type of structure around the city of Berlin? Why? They built the Berlin Wall to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin.

Describe the Iron Curtain. A metaphor for the division between communist and capitalist countries.

What was the Domino Theory? The belief that if one country fell to communism, others would follow.

Which event almost led to nuclear war in 1962? The Cuban Missile Crisis.

What were the U.S. and USSR known as? superpowers

Was their power absolute? No, many events challenged them both.

What did Soviet satellite nations do? Many rebelled against Soviet control.

Which countries had the most visible uprisings? Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968).

What was the largest foreign challenge to the USSR? Their invasion and occupation of Afghanistan (1979-1989).

Who were the Mujahedeen? Islamic holy warriors supported by the U.S., China, Pakistan, and Iran.

What happened when the death toll rose? The Soviet Union pulled out in 1989.

What happened after the Soviet withdrawal? Support from the U.S. and others stopped, leaving the country in ruins.

Who were the Taliban? An army of religious conservatives who took over Afghanistan after the Soviets left.

What did the Taliban do? They provided safe harbor to the terrorists behind the 9/11 attacks.

What happened during the 1960s involving the U.S.? The U.S. became militarily involved in Vietnam.

What other challenges did the U.S. face? Internal societal issues.

What was the Countercultural Movement? Young people became a major political group in the 1960s and 1970s.

What type of music became associated with youth rebellion? Rock 'n' Roll (Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Bob Dylan).

What societal movement challenged U.S. leaders? The Civil Rights Movement.

How did U.S. involvement in Vietnam affect Americans? It divided Americans with opinions and protests.

What did the Countercultural Movement spread? American culture to foreign countries.

What was the outcome of the U.S. conflict in Vietnam? The U.S. couldn't contain communism as planned.

What did war spending contribute to? An unstable economy in the 1970s.

How many soldiers served in Vietnam? 3 million soldiers.

How many were killed and wounded? 58,000 killed and more than 300,000 wounded.

Was the Vietnam War popular? No, it was not popular.

How were soldiers treated by the public? They were not treated well, with no celebrations or parades.

What did the conflicts in Vietnam and Afghanistan show? That the U.S. and Soviet Union had overextended themselves.

quick check ...

Why did the U.S. and U.S.S.R. start promoting the idea of "Peaceful Coexistence?" To reduce Cold War tensions.

In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded what country? Afghanistan

Who are the Taliban? An army of religious conservatives who took control of Afghanistan after the Soviet withdrawal and provided shelter to the terrorists behind the 9/11 attacks.

What happened in China in 1911? Nationalists ended dynastic rule.

What followed the end of dynasties in China? Rival factions fought for control and caused instability.

Who was Mao Zedong? A Marxist who formed China's Communist Party (CCP).

Who did Mao's ideas appeal to? Peasants and women.

What reforms did Mao support for women? End arranged marriages, foot binding, allow divorce and abortion.

Who opposed Mao? The Nationalist KMT party, led by Chang Kai-Shek.

Why did Mao and the peasants become heroes? They used guerrilla tactics to fight Japan in WWII.

What happened in China in 1949? Mao won the civil war and took control.

What kind of government did Mao create? A communist government like the Soviet Union's.

What was the Great Leap Forward? Mao's push to industrialize China.

What was the result? 20 to 55 million died, mostly from starvation.

Why is the exact number unclear? Government censorship.

What was collectivization in China? Land taken and turned into state-run farms.

What was the result of collectivization? Millions died from less food.

How was Mao's industrialization different from the Soviet Union's? It focused on rural areas.

What did peasants use to make steel? Backyard furnaces.

What was the result? Low-quality steel and less production.

What problem did the plan face? Supplying rural areas was hard and costly.

Who did Mao blame for eating crops during the Great Leap Forward? Birds, especially sparrows.

What did Mao encourage people to do? Hunt down sparrows and other vermin.

What happened to the sparrow population? They almost went extinct in China.

What was the result of killing the sparrows? Locusts thrived and ate the remaining crops, making the famine worse.

Why was Mao politically sidelined? Because of the failure of his industrialization plans and the resulting famine.

What did reformers try to do afterward? Move away from Mao's policies to improve China's economy.

What changes did China make during this period? They cut many ties with the Soviet Union and opened dialogue with the U.S.

What was the Cultural Revolution? Mao's 10-year campaign to purge enemies and strengthen communist rule.

What was the goal of the Cultural Revolution? To make Mao the center of daily life and eliminate enemies like intellectuals and "capitalists."

How long did the Cultural Revolution last? 10 years (1966-1976).

How many people died during the Cultural Revolution? 7 million people.

Who were the victims of the Cultural Revolution? 1.5 million teachers.

Who were the Red Guards? Student mobs that followed Mao fanatically.

What did the Red Guards do? They turned against their teachers and family members.

What happened in 1976? Mao died, and the Cultural Revolution ended.

What did the new leadership do after Mao's death? They quickly abandoned Maoist policies.

What happened in the 1980s? Tensions between the U.S. and USSR rose after years of Detente.

Who was the U.S. president in the 1980s? Ronald Reagan.

What approach did Ronald Reagan take towards the Soviet Union? He restarted the arms race and adopted a more confrontational approach.

Who was Mikhail Gorbachev? A reform-minded Soviet leader who came to power in the mid-1980s.

What did Gorbachev recognize as major issues in the USSR? Massive military spending, alcoholism, crime, and prostitution.

What reforms did Gorbachev introduce? Perestroika (free enterprise). Glasnost (open discussion).

Was Gorbachev's reform successful? No, it was too little, too late

What were the Velvet Revolutions? Non-violent uprisings in Eastern Europe.

What did these uprisings lead to? Countries declaring independence from Soviet control (15 in total).

What did Gorbachev do about these uprisings? He did nothing to stop them.

What happened in 1989? The Berlin Wall was torn down.

What began happening within the Soviet Union in 1989? Republics began to rebel.

What happened on December 25, 1991? The Soviet Union dissolved.

What did newly independent Russia adopt? Democracy and a market economy.

What were the negative impacts on Russian society after the dissolution? Mass poverty and less global influence.

What happened to officials from the former USSR in the 1990s? They found themselves in possession of massive sectors of the new Russian economy.

What did many of these officials become? Oligarchs, as they became rich and powerful by illegally selling or keeping the wealth.

Who was the Russian president from 1991-1999? Boris Yeltsin.

What did Boris Yeltsin allow? He allowed sections of the economy to be taken by the oligarchs.

Who is Vladimir Putin? Vladimir Putin is a former KGB agent chosen by the Oligarchs as president in 2000.

Why was Putin chosen as president? He was chosen for his loyalty and willingness to keep the Oligarchs rich and out of prison.

What has Putin become over time? He has become a dictator.

What has Putin improved in Russia? He improved the average Russian's standard of living.

How does Putin portray himself? He portrays himself as a "Strongman" figure.

What does Putin focus on to stay in power? He focuses on the grievances of the Russian people to justify conflict and maintain his power.

What role has Russia taken in geopolitics? Russia has taken the role of a disruptor.

What actions did Russia take in 2014? In 2014, Russia started taking over parts of Ukraine, including Crimea.

What happened in February 2022? In February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.

Has Russia been successful in taking over all of Ukraine? No, Russia failed to take the whole country.

What territory does Russia currently hold in Ukraine? Russia currently holds about 20% of Ukraine and remains on the offensive.

What did people learn about the Cold War's impact? People learned that the Cold War had offered a sense of security that no longer existed in the world.

quick check ...

What were some of the reforms Mikhail Gorbachev had in mind for the Soviet Union when he took power? Gorbachev wanted to introduce reforms like perestroika (economic restructuring) and glasnost (open discussion and transparency).

Non-violent uprisings in some Eastern European countries were called? They were called Velvet Revolutions.

In what year does the Soviet Union fall? The Soviet Union fell in 1991.

When did the communist era end? 1980s

How did the communist era end? Rapidly and peacefully

When did China start receiving military and economic aid from the Soviet Union? 1950s

What caused the break in ties between China and the Soviet Union? China opened ties with the United States

In what year did China and the Soviet Union break off ties? 1964

Who was the U.S. president in the 1970s who visited both China and the Soviet Union? Richard Nixon

What did Richard Nixon do during his visits to China and the Soviet Union? Played them against one another

By what year was China nearing economic collapse? 1975

Who succeeded Mao in 1976 and opened China's relations with the West? Deng Xiaoping

What did Deng Xiaoping do with students in China? Sent them to foreign universities

What farming system did Deng Xiaoping dismantle? The collective farming system

What policy did Deng Xiaoping relax in China? Censorship

What did Deng Xiaoping do for China's economy? Opened it to the world's economy

What happened in 1989 in Tiananmen Square? Students protested for democracy

How did Deng Xiaoping respond to the Tiananmen Square protests? He crushed them violently

What did the Tiananmen Square incident show about China's government? It showed the government still prioritized control.

What happened to China's economy from the 1980s to the 2010s? It grew at an amazing rate

How did people react to China's government during this period? They tolerated it as long as the economy grew and living standards improved

What happened to the key tenants of communism in China? They were replaced by capitalistic entrepreneurship.

How is China described today? "Communist in Name Only"

What type of state is China now? An authoritarian state with a mixture of private and public sectors

How do most Chinese people view their success? They believe it is because of, not despite, China's authoritarian government.

What are some of the major issues China faces today? Slowing economy, pandemic missteps, corruption, pollution, inequality, demographics, overpopulation, aging population, gender imbalance.

quick check ...

Who was the first U.S. president to visit China? richard nixon

What are some problems China is dealing with today? Slowing economy, pandemic missteps, corruption, pollution, inequality, demographics, overpopulation, aging population, gender imbalance.

What became very important in the second half of the twentieth century? decolonization

Why did many empires fall? Because of the two World Wars.

When did nationalism start developing in former colonies? Since the late 1800s.

What did nationalism mean for colonized people? Self-determination, not expansion into an empire.

What happened in former colonies after decolonization? Newly independent nation-states were created.

What came before security for these new nations? freedom

Which countries gained independence in the 1940s? India, Pakistan, Burma, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, and Israel.

When did most of Africa become independent? 1950s to mid-1970s.

Who was Ho Chi Minh? A communist leader who led Vietnam to victories over the French (1954) and the United States (1976)

Why did Ho Chi Minh turn to communism? Because the USSR was more willing to help his cause than the U.S.

quick check ...

What events led to the fall of the European empires of the late 1800s and early 1900s? Two World Wars and the decline of colonial power.

How was nationalism in Europe during the 1800s different than nationalism during decolonization? European nationalism was about expanding empires, while decolonization nationalism focused on self-determination and independence.

What is Africa's historical national identity? Africa has never had a unified national identity.

What was the Negritude Movement? A mid-1900s cultural celebration of Africa's poets, writers, traditions, and cultures.

How is the Negritude Movement similar to the Harlem Renaissance? Both celebrated cultural and artistic expressions, with the Negritude Movement focusing on Africa and the Harlem Renaissance on African Americans.

Why was decolonization slowed? White colonists claimed blacks wanted communism.

How did European colonial powers use this argument? They used it as an excuse to stall the decolonization process.

Why did colonists resist decolonization? They saw it as a threat to their wealth and power.

What was the first independent sub-Saharan nation? Ghana

Who led Ghana to independence? Kwame Nkrumah.

Why was Ghana's transition to independence peaceful? Because of U.S. support.

What did the British do to black farmers in Kenya? Moved them to "tribal reserves" and gave productive lands to white colonists.

What was the Mau Mau Rebellion? A violent uprising by black subversives against white settlers.

How did Britain respond to the Mau Mau Rebellion? With artillery, bombers, and jet fighters.

Who was the leader of Kenya who negotiated its independence? Jomo Kenyatta.

Why did the British give up the Kenya colony? They no longer had the resources to keep their empire together.

What did imperial powers fail to leave in African colonies? A managerial class.

Why didn't democracy immediately improve economic problems in Africa? It didn't improve quickly enough.

Who benefited the most from democracy in African countries? Well-educated elites.

What types of conflict continue to cause violence in Africa? Ethnic, religious, and local tribal conflict.

What terrorist group has become more prevalent in Africa? Boko Haram.

What impact has AIDS had on African communities? It has destroyed communities and created huge orphan populations.

What continues to crush many African countries economically? Foreign debt (Neo-Colonialism).

quick check ...

The first African colony to become independent in 1957 Ghana

Some problems African countries face today Ethnic, religious, and tribal conflicts, terrorism (Boko Haram), AIDS, foreign debt (Neo-Colonialism), and economic instability.

Who helped lead India to independence using non-violence? Mohandas Gandhi

What strategy did Gandhi use to push Britain out of India? Civil disobedience and non-violence

What group did Gandhi try to help that faced discrimination? Untouchables

How did Gandhi feel about modernization? He believed it had evils

Did Gandhi support women's equality? yes

What is communalism? Promoting religious identity over national identity

Why was communalism a problem for Gandhi's vision? It prevented a united India

What country was created for Muslims in 1947? pakistan

Who led the creation of Pakistan? Muhammad Ali Jinnah

What religion remained dominant in India? hindusim

Was the creation of Pakistan peaceful? no, it was very violent

What type of government does India have today? democracy

Is India politically stable today? yes

What major social issue is rising in India? Religious intolerance

Name two major problems India still faces. Overpopulation, economic inequality

Name two more problems India still struggles with. Rape, infanticide of girls

quick check ...

What famous method of protest is Gandhi most famous for? Non-violence (civil disobedience)

How did communalism derail Gandhi's dream of a unified India? It divided people by religion

What is India like today? Democratic but facing social issues

What empire controlled Palestine before World War I? ottoman empire

Who lived together mostly in peace in Palestine before WWI? jews, muslims, and Christians

What movement brought more Jews to the region? zionism

What is a Kibbutz? Jewish communal farm community

How did Muslim and Christian Palestinians react to changes in the region? They were alarmed

What did this alarm lead to? Sporadic conflicts

What was the Balfour Doctrine? British support for a Jewish state in Palestine

Why did Britain support a Jewish state? To help split the Ottoman Empire after WWI

Who made up 90% of Palestine's population at the time? Arabs and Christians

Who took control of Palestine after WWI? britain

Why did more Jews immigrate to Palestine during the interwar years? Anti-Semitism and British support

What increased as more Jewish immigrants arrived? Conflicts with Palestinian residents

What was Palestine like during World War II? Relatively peaceful

What made Palestine unique in the Middle East after the war? Still under imperial rule

Who flooded into Palestine after World War II? holocaust survivors

Why did Britain hand over the Palestine issue to the United Nations? Couldn't handle Jewish/Arab conflict

What happened in 1948 regarding the UN plan for Palestine? Palestinians rejected it, Jews accepted it.

What country was created in 1948? israel

Who supported the creation of Israel? U.S. and Soviet Union.

What happened after Israel was created? War broke out with Arab states

What happened to many Palestinian Arabs after 1948? They became refugees or had little power in Israel.

Where did many Palestinian Arabs go? Refugee camps, Israel, or nearby countries.

What do many Palestinians still hope for? A Palestinian state.

What type of government does Israel have? democracy

What does the Law of Return allow? Jews can migrate to Israel and become citizens.

Who must serve in the military in Israel? all citizens

What is Israel's economy like? Diversified and stable.

Who is Israel's closest ally? the united states

What happened between 1950-1970s in the Middle East? Several Arab-Israeli wars.

Who won most of these wars? israel

What happened to land during this time? Israel gained and occupied more land.

What is an example of one of these wars? The Six-Day War (1967) or Yom Kippur War (1973).

How did enemies of Israel respond? With acts of terrorism.

What is a famous example of terrorism during this time? Munich Olympics.

What is the goal of the Palestinian Liberation Organization? Create a Palestinian state.

What kind of group is the PLO? Nationalist

What happened from the mid-1970s to 2000s? Israel made peace with some neighbors.

Which country did Israel make peace with? egypt

What did the conflict shift to after that? Internal struggles between Israelis and Palestinians.

What were the Oslo Accords? Peace agreement between Israel and the PLO.

What did the PLO agree to? Recognized Israel's right to exist.

What did Israel agree to? Recognized the PLO as the voice of Palestinians.

What was the goal of the Oslo Accords? Ongoing peace process.

Who was upset by the agreement? Who was upset by the agreement?

What happened to Israeli-Palestinian relations after the 1990s? They broke down.

What are Intifadas? Palestinian uprisings.

Why have Intifadas happened? Because peace talks stalled.

Who governs Gaza today? Hamas.

How did Hamas gain power? They won the popular vote.

What has Israel done in response to Hamas in Gaza? Restricted movement of goods and people.

What is happening in the West Bank? What is happening in the West Bank?

What happened on October 7, 2023? Hamas militants attacked southern Israel.

How many people were killed in the attack? Over 1,200 people.

How many hostages were taken? over 200

How did Israel respond? With a fast and overwhelming military response.

What has been happening around the world since the attack? Protests both for and against each side.

What has kept Arab countries divided? Unequal wealth, jealousy, tribal hatred, and religious divisions (Sunni and Shia).

How are Arab countries linked? Through their hatred of Israel.

quick check ...

Jews started immigrating into Palestine in the early 1900s as part of what large movement? zionism

What happened right as the modern-day state of Israel was created? War broke out between Israel and several Arab states.

Why has pan-Arab unity been hard to achieve? Unequal wealth, jealousy, tribal hatred, and religious divisions (Sunni and Shia).

Before WW2, what was the political situation in the world? Fewer countries, more empires.

What has happened as decolonization progressed? New countries have emerged, and the world has become more connected.

What has arisen as the world has become more connected? New challenges and opportunities in the global economy.

What defines a developed country? High quality of life, developed economy, advanced technological infrastructure.

What defines a developing country? Less developed industrial base, lower Human Development Index (HDI).

What percentage of the world lived in developing nations between 1950 and 2000? 70%

Why do many developing nations struggle in global dealings? They lack leverage in dealing with wealthy, developed nations and corporations.

What is a key debate in developing nations regarding their economies? Whether to shield/diversify the economy or engage in the world market.

What other debates exist in developing nations? Foreign aid (giving and receiving), investments, migration, and trade.

Which region has been the most successful at economic development since 1945? East Asia (China & Japan).

What are the "Asian Tigers"? Smaller Asian countries that have experienced incredible growth since the 1950s, such as Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea.

What is ASEAN? The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, a political and economic union of 10 countries (Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, etc.)

What is the role of ASEAN? It helps smaller countries compete with larger economies like the U.S. and China.

What do ASEAN countries include? Some of the fastest-growing economies in the world.

Which regions have struggled economically? Much of Africa, the Arab world, and parts of Asia.

What is the standard of living like in many of these countries? It is actually declining.

What is the European Union? A trading bloc of European countries.

What are some features of the European Union? Common currency, regulatory bodies, border enforcement, tourism, and other economic activities.

What is NAFTA? A trading bloc of the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

What was the purpose of NAFTA? To promote the movement of capital and goods over their borders.

What happened to NAFTA under the Trump administration? It was renegotiated.

What is the World Trade Organization (WTO)? An organization set up to spread the principles and practices of free market economies.

What do critics say about the WTO? Critics say it has mainly opened opportunities for giant corporations to enter the economies of developing countries.

quick check ...

What are some problems associated with giving aid to developing nations? It can create dependency, be misused, or have limited impact on long-term growth.

What area of the world has seen the most economic development in the last 50 years? East Asia, including China, Japan, and the Asian Tigers.

What are two examples of trading blocs that were developed to spur economic development? The European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

What is globalization? The breaking down of traditional boundaries due to financial and cultural trends.

When did globalization rapidly increase? After World War II due to advancements in technology.

What is neoliberalism? A political and economic model that shifts control from the public sector to the private sector.

Who are two leaders commonly associated with neoliberalism? Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher.

What are some examples of neoliberal policies? Outsourcing manufacturing jobs, deregulation of industries, privatization of rail networks, trade deals like NAFTA.

What are transnational corporations? Companies with small headquarters, multiple sites globally, and low operating costs.

Why have transnational corporations grown significantly? Due to neoliberal policies.

How many of the world's 100 largest economic units are transnational corporations? 51

What has the global economy resulted in? Foreign products adapting to local cultures and markets.

What do critics believe about the global economy's impact on local brands? Local brands cannot compete with the resources of large corporations.

What are NGOs? Non-Governmental Agencies (e.g., Red Cross, Greenpeace).

What do NGOs work to tackle? Problems beyond boundaries and governments.

What gained traction worldwide after WW2? The notion of Human Rights, through the UN Declaration of Human Rights.

What has slowed down the progress of human rights in recent years? The rise of authoritarian governments (e.g., China, Russia).

What has mass communication spread worldwide? Both ideas (good and bad) and the English language.

What is the most commonly spoken language in the world? english

What do critics say the U.S. is creating through its massive cultural influence? "Cultural Imperialism" and an "American Empire."

What do spectator sports offer people? An outlet to boredom and routine.

What do spectator sports reflect? National and social aspirations.

What can strong emotions tied to sports lead to? Violence before, during, and after games.

What are people known as in soccer who engage in violent behavior? Football or Soccer Hooligans.

What are examples of cultural diffusion today? Music (like reggae), movies (like Bollywood in India), and video games.

What is exclusionary reactions The desire to stop migration and cultural diffusion.

quick check ...

What is the term for the breaking down of traditional boundaries due to financial and cultural trends? globalization

Which technological inventions have spread both ideas and the English language? The Internet and other communication technologies.

What did women press for during the 2nd Wave Feminist Movement in the 1960s? Jobs, recognition, and equality.

What invention gave women more power over their lives during the 2nd Wave Feminist Movement? The birth control pill.

What causes sharp divisions in feminist movements worldwide? Varying cultural belief systems.

What do some people argue about the feminist movement's impact on family life? it undermines family life and relationships between men and women.

What do some critics feel the feminist movement focuses too much on? Some feel it focuses too much on sex.

What has the feminist movement helped fuel in the Muslim world? It has helped fuel religious revivalism.

What institution is challenged by people all over the world? marriage

What are some challenges to the institution of marriage? Gay marriage and unions, fewer marriages, and high divorce rates.

What was China's One-Child Policy used for? To control China's population.

What were the consequences of the One-Child Policy? Widespread "economic" marriages, a national gender imbalance (50 million more men than women), and 8 million Heihaizi (children born illegally outside the policy).

What problems did Heihaizi face? They had a difficult time functioning in society, with many sold to human traffickers and used as sex workers or factory labor.

quick check ...

What technology gave women more control over their lives than any other thing in history? birth control pill

How do critics of feminism argue it changes society? They argue it undermines family life and the relationships between men and women.

What is one way the institution of marriage has been challenged in modern times? The rise in gay marriage and unions.

Why did many intellectuals from 1700 to the present believe science would make religions extinct? They believed science would provide more concrete explanations for life and the universe, reducing the need for religious belief.

Which major world religion is the fastest growing? islam

Where is Christianity growing the most? In South America and Sub-Saharan Africa.

In which regions are adherents of major religions shrinking? In developed countries.

What new forms of spirituality have emerged in recent years? New Age spirituality and Falun Gong.

What is fundamentalism? A return to the "fundamentals" of a religion.

Where did the term originate? In the United States in the early 20th century.

What is an example of fundamentalism in history? The Scopes "Monkey" Trial.

What characterizes fundamentalism? Militant piety and exclusivism.

Which religion is most prominent in fundamentalism today? islam

What is Islamism? Desire to reassert Islamic values in politics peacefully.

What was Jihad originally? Inner struggle against sin.

How is Jihad used by modern terrorists? To rationalize and legitimize violence.

What is al-Qaeda? Islamic extremist group that declared war on America in 1998 and carried out the 2001 World Trade Center attack.

What is ISIS? ISIS is a violent, Islamic extremist group (mostly Sunni) aiming to create a new "Islamic Empire."

What is Hindutva? Hindutva is a Hindu political movement in India that promotes a distinct Hindu identity over Islam and Sikhism.

What has created great debate across the world? The question of how to deal with movements like fundamentalism, Islamism, and Hindutva has created great debate across the world.

quick check ...

What are some examples of religions that have grown even though scientific intellectuals felt they would go extinct? Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism have grown, especially in developing nations.

What is fundamentalism? Fundamentalism is a return to the basic, traditional principles of a religion.

What fundamentalist Islamic group was responsible for the terrorist attacks on 9/11? Al Qaeda

What is the overall goal of ISIS? to create a new "Islamic Empire" based on their interpretation of Islam.

What has been an issue throughout history regarding human interaction? Human interaction with the environment has always been an issue (e.g., Harappa, Mayans).

How was human-environment interaction viewed before the industrial revolution? It was mostly on a local or regional scale.

How are environmental issues viewed today? Environmental issues today are on a global scale, directly impacting everyone on Earth.

What is the estimated world population in 2024? 8.1 billion

Where did most of the world live as of 2014? Most of the world lived in urban areas.

How does urbanization affect the environment? Urbanization concentrates the negative effects of human impact on the environment.

What are the three factors that have magnified human impact on the Earth? World population growth.

Massive use of fossil fuels.

Enormous economic growth.

What is the current scale of human environmental disruption? Global scale.

What has happened to cropland over time? It has doubled.

What has happened to forests and grasslands? They have contracted.

What is happening to plant and animal species? Extinctions.

What type of pollution is increasing? air pollution

What is happening to the ozone layer? it is thinning

What environmental issues are contributing to climate change? Global warming and climate change.

Who has been resistant to accepting environmental changes? Conservative and business elements.

Why do they resist accepting environmental changes? They claim it will hurt economic development.

What do they believe will solve environmental issues? Human innovation and technology.

What do critics say about business/capitalist solutions? They only address symptoms, not the root problem.

When did the environmental movement begin? During the Industrial Revolution.

Why did it not draw a mass following initially? It lacked widespread support.

What book did Rachel Carson write in 1962? Silent Spring

What did Rachel Carson's book start? The modern environmentalist movement.

What is the Green Party? A political environmentalist party.

Where did the Green Party start? in germany

Where has the Green Party spread? across the world

What is global environmentalism? A major political and social movement.

What does global environmentalism support? Legislation to control pollution.

What type of businesses does global environmentalism encourage? "Green" businesses.

What does global environmentalism research? Alternative fuel sources.

quick check ...

When did the modern environmental movement begin? In 1962 with Rachel Carson's Silent Spring.

List a few examples of how humans are impacting the environment? Deforestation, pollution, animal extinctions, and climate change.