AICE U.S. History EOC vocab all chapters

Eoc vocab:

Civil War:

Sectionalism- loyalty to the region ( North and south)

Abolitionist- Saw slavery as a moral evil and sought to abolish it

Fredrick Douglas, Sojouner Truth, Harriet Tubman all were active abolitionist and former slaves

Harriet Beecher Stowe- Wrote Uncle Tom’s cabin first hand look at the life of a slave

Missouri Compromise – 36’ 30 line states above the line free below slave

Compromise of 1850- California a free state other states could chose, Fugitive Slave law

Kansas Nebraska Act- Senator Stephan Douglas, Popular Sovereignty , caused violent protests.

Popular Sovereignty- The right for the state to chose if they would admit as Slave or Free

Dred Scott Decision- Prove that African Americans were not citizens and were not protected by the constitution

Freeport Doctrine- Residents of a territory could still ban slavery

John Brown raids- Bleeding Kansas, Harper’s Ferry. Eventually tried and hung for his violent actions

Secession- leave the Union

Jefferson Davis- President of the Confederate states

Anaconda Plan- Suffocate the Confederates by controlling the Mississippi, dividing confederate forces up and cutting off supply lines

Conscription- military draft

Battle of Antietam- Bloodiest single day war. North was able to stop Lee’s advance north

Emancipation Proclamation- All slaves in the conquered states will be freed. Made the war about slavery

Battle Of Gettysburg- Stopped Lee’s advances North once again. Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg address trying to unite the nation as a whole.

Battle of Vicksburg- Turning point of the war. North gains control of the Mississippi River. Anaconda plan is in effect now.

Causes of the Civil War: Failure to compromise, sectionalism, Dred Scott Decision, the moral struggle over slavery. Election of 1860 ( Lincoln becoming president)

Reconstruction:

Freedman Bureau- Set up to help the now Freed African American get jobs, education, etc..

Ten Percent Plan- Lincoln’s plan to get the Confederate states back into the Union. 10 percent of the voters must sign a loyal oath to the Union

13^th Amendment- Abolish Slavery

14^thAmendment Gave Citizenship to all Americans

15^th- Right to vote no matter race or previous servitude

Black Codes- Laws created by the South to oppress the freed African Americans

Radical Republicans- Supported the Freed African Americans and wanted harsh punishment brought on the South.

Carpetbaggers- Northerners who came to exploit the South

Scalawags- Southern Whites who supported Reconstruction.

Sharecropping- Former slaves were loaned land to farm, tools, and a cabin. Former slaves had to give a large share of their crops back to the owner

Tenant Farmers- rented land from the landowners but had their own tools. Both situation kept Freed African Americans in debt to the landowners.

Debt Peonage- Former slaves were in debt to the landowner until the loan was paid.

Voting restrictions- Poll taxes, Literacy test kept African Americans from voting after the 15^th Amendment

Jim Crow Laws- Denied black citizens equal opportunity and rights, reinforced white racism, whites were superior

Plessy v. Ferguson- Separate but equal

Go West ( Westward Expansion):

Push factors- Factors that push you away from an area ( poverty, religious persecution, , prejudice, racism, drought, etc..

Pull Factors- Factors that attract you to an area. Religious freedom, economic opportunity, etc..

Transcontinental Railroad- Rail system to connect the East coast to the West coast making transportation and Shipping available.

Reservations- Area provided by Federal Gov’t for the Native Americans who submitted to do so.

Homestead Act- Gov’t funds to encourage people to settle out west along the Transcontinental Railroad.

Dawes Act- Americanize the Native Americans. Threatened the survival of Indian Culture.

The Triumph of Industry:

Capitalism- means of production are privately owned.

Social Darwinism- Survive of the fittest- in this chapter the wealthy viewed being poor as a product of themselves not of the circumstances.

Laissez-faire- No Gov’t involvement in economics

Patent System- encouraged new inventions by guaranteeing exclusive rights to his or her inventions

Tariffs- taxes on import and exported goods.

Bessemer Process- created a way to mass produce steel.

Vertical Integration- When one company owns all stages of production and distribution

Horizontal Integration- one owner owns all companies and facilities at one stage of production of a good or commodity.

Trust- Stock holders gave their stocks to trust companies, so that all companies could operate under a single enterprise. A legal form of a monopoly during this time period.

Rockefeller- Standard oil company

Carneige- Steel company

J.P. Morgan- Banking and investing

Munn v. Illinois- States could regulate businesses affecting public interest ( Railroads)

Wabash v. Illinois- Federal Gov’t would regulate the railroads since it crossed state lines

Interstate commerce- Gave the Federal Gov’t control of rates and other unfair practices by the railroad system.

Sherman Antitrust Act- Made the practices of these type of trust companies illegal.

U.S. v E.C. Knight Company- Weaken the Sherman Antitrust act. Stating Antitrust acts could not break up monopolies that controlled over 90 percent of manufacturing.

The Labor Movement-

Labor Unions- Worker organizations fighting for higher wages, better working conditions, benefits, and put pressure on Gov’t

Knight of Labor- Single nationwide union for skilled and unskilled workers

American Federation of Labor- Several national unions of mostly skilled workers.

Strike breakers ( Scabs) Temp workers that work while the workers strike.

Pinkerton Detectives- Hired to break up picket lines. Usually resulted in violence. Example, Homestead Strike

Homestead Strike- Carnegie and Frick failed negotiate a new contract with workers. workers went on strike which resulted in violence. State militia was called in to restore order.

Pullman Strike- Pullman lowered wages but not prices in his companies town. Which led to a violent strike and the  first Gov’t injunction was issued during a strike.

Haymarket Strike- An explosion during a demonstration led to labor leaders being arrested. Labor movement was associated with violence.

Socialism- Gov’t owns the means of production to improve conditions for workers. And distribute wealth evenly.

Communism- Gov’t has total control over aspect of life.

Cities, Immigrants, and Farmers:

Political Machines- organizations controlled by a strong boss to persuade people’s vote.

Tammany Hall- Most famous political machine in New York City, assigned it’s own boss to each local district and city

Boss Tweed- The most corrupt politician of his day made a personal fortune from this corrupt way of Gov’t

Tenements- Low cost rental housing

New immigrants- came from Southern and Eastern Europe

Ellis Island- New York City. Where they processed and exam the European immigrants coming into America. Treated better than the Asian immigrants Angel Island

Chinese Exclusion act- Relate Nativism to this. First Gov’t act to discriminate a single group of people. A ban of Chinese immigration

Angel Island- San Fransico same process as Ellis Island but treated worst.

Nativism- The belief that native-born Americans were superior to others.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act- Federal Gov’t had to purchase a large amount of silver. Many believed this would help farmers out.

Granger Laws- passed to regulate shipping prices in the railroad industry.

Populist party- fought for the rights of farmers and industrial workers.

William Jennings Cross Gold speech- Fought for unlimited supply of Silver. Interest were to high on farmers under the Gold Standard.

The Progressive era:

Social gospel Movement- Called on Gov’t, churches, and charity groups to work together to help people in need

Temperance movement- called for a ban on alcoholic drinks

Muckrakers- Journalist, writers, and social scientists who exposed all the wrong in society during this time ( political corruption, living and working conditions, child labor, unsanitary meat packing industry, etc…)

Jane Adams and Settlement houses- slum neighborhoods, provided services to immigrants and urban poor. ( education, childcare, nurses, English lessons)

Initiative- voters could propose a bill

Referendum- Voters could repeal a law already passed

Recall- Elected officials could be recalled by voters in a special election

Direct Primary- vote for your party’s nominee

17^th Amendment- Direct election for senators

Women’s Suffrage- Right to vote. National Women Suffrage Association

Triangle Shirt waist Factory- Fire broke out killing 146 female workers because the doors were bolted shot and no fire escapes. Led to the passing of buildings having fire codes.

American Imperialism:

Yellow Journalism- a technique to sell newspaper and develop sympathy for an event ( in this case to persuade the American people to support  the war against Spain)

Imperialism- rule of one country by another

Teller Amendment- The U.S. would not annex Cuba even if it won the war

Treaty of Paris- peace treaty with Spain ending the war

Alfred Thayer Mahan- Published the book The Influence of Sea Power expressing the importance of the Navy.

Platt Amendment- agreement to withdraw U.S. troops out of Cuba, U.S. could still use Cuba’s ports, and U.S. could intervene in Cuba’s foreign affairs.

Spheres of influence- cut off American trade

Open Door Policy- proposing equal trade for all foreign countries

Boxer Rebellion- A group of Chinese who opposed foreign influence in China.

Treaty of Portsmouth- Roosevelt got Russian and Japan to agree to terms and end the Russo- Japan war. However, Japan thought they got mistreated and tension between Japan and America increased.

Gentleman’s Agreement- Between the U.S. and Japan to reduce immigration from Japan.

Monroe Doctrine- U.S. would oppose any attempt by European powers to establish new colonies in the Western Hemisphere.

Big Stick policy- U.S. acted as an international police power collecting debts for European powers in the Dominican Republic. “ Speak Softly and carry a big stick”

Panama Canal- Connected the Atlantic and Pacific ocean making shipping and transportation more efficient.

WWI:

Nationalism- Pride in one’s nation

Alliance System- Germany and Austria-Hungary vs Russia, France, and Great Britain

Militarism- Glorification of Military. Played a large role in pushing Europeans towards war.

Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire

Allied Powers- Britain, Russian, and France

New tactics in War- Trench Warfare, tanks, poison gas, chemical warfare, Naval Blockade, and airplanes

Lusitania- German U-boats sunk a passenger linear with 121 Americans on it. Peaking U.S. interest in the war.

Sussex Pledge- German’s agreed to not sink passenger boats with U-boats

Zimmerman Telegraph- Britain intelligence intercepted a telegraph between Germany and Mexico. Attempting to bring Mexico in the war as an ally with Germany. Germany promised if they win the war they would return land lost from war with America.

Conscientious Objectors- Would not fight because it goes against their religious beliefs but would serve in other areas of the military

Liberty Bonds- Any time you see the word bond it relates to financing the war. Gov’t paid low interest loans to raise money for war.

Espionage Act- Law to detecting and imprisoning spies

Sedition Act of 1918- Law against the disloyal or abusive language about the Gov’t

Schenck v. U.S- Supreme Court upheld limits in free speech whenever “ A clear and present danger” is evident

Wilson’s Fourteen Points an attempt to have a plan in place to resolve wars before the happen.

Treaty of Versailles- Ended the war, Harsh treatment of Germany. Germany lost territory to France and Poland, Germany Lost its Navy, German signed War Guilt and paid huge reparations, Austria- Hungary were dived into several small nations

Roaring 20s:

Teapot Dome Scandal- Hardening got caught selling Gov’t land to private businesses

Palmer Raids- arrest and deported foreign radicals.

Sacco and Vanzetti- Two Italian were arrested for the murder of a security guard during a robbery. They were convicted after an unfair trial.

Red Scare- The fear of the spread of Communism throughout America

Installment buying- encouraged consumer spending. America was financing everything

Speculation- prediction on the stock market

Buying on the Margin- People were taking at loans to invest in the stock market

18^th Amendment- Prohibited the sale, manufacturing, and distribution of Alcohol

Volstead act- enforce the 18^th Amendment

19^th Amendment- gave women the right to vote

Great Depression:

Hoovervilles- Shantytowns that sprang up on the outskirts of cities. People lived there in protest to Hoover’s lack of Gov’t aid.

Bonus Expeditionary Force ( Bonus Army) – sent in to break up a protest in D.C. of 40,000 unemployed WWI vets.

Dust Bowl- Environmental disaster in the Mid-west that crippled the farming industry.

Fireside chats- President Roosevelt came on the radio to keep the American people informed and restore faith in the Gov’t.

Federal Deposit Corporation- insure deposits into banks

Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC)- Oversee the stock market to prevent fraud and regulate speculations

Civilian Conservation Corps- Jobs to young men. Landscaping, forest fire fighters, build bridges etc..

Agricultural Adjustment act- provided loans to farmers to pay off their debt

Tennessee Valley Authority- built dams for flood control, and produce hydro-electricity making electric bills cheaper.

Social security act- Most important law passed by the new deal. Unemployment insurance, retirement benefits, the disabled and orphaned all were able to receive Gov’t assistance.

John Steinbeck- wrote The Grapes of Wrath. Written about the dust bowl.

WWII:

Appeasement- giving in to the demands of the enemy. The World appeased Hitler at the start of the conflict

Munich Conference- Britain and France met and agreed to give Czechoslovakia back to Germany

Nazi Soviet Pact- Stalin and Hitler agreed to divide Poland up. Germany invaded Poland from the West and Soviet Union invaded from the east.

Blitzkrieg- Fast strike military strategy by the Germans using, planes, tanks, motorized troop carriers.

Atlantic Charter- Roosevelt and Churchill meet to discuss and agree on their post war goals.

Neutrality Acts- Prohibited America from sending arms, ammunition and implements of war to foreign countries.

Cash and Carry- ( straight cash homie) Buyers had to pay in cash and transport it themselves

Manhattan Project- Secret project to develop the atomic bomb

Hiroshima and Nagasaki- the two targets for the atomic bomb and forcing Japan to surrender.

Kristallnacht- The first night Anti-Semitism in Germany where German jews were barred from jobs, businesses were closed and destroyed no intermarrying.

Final Solutions- Murdering of all the jews in Europe

Auschwitz- The most famous extermination camps.

Nuremberg trials- Nazis leaders were tried, convicted, and executed for “ Crimes against Humanity”

The Cold War:

Yalta Conference- Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt meet to lay out the plans for postwar reconstruction. Germany will be divided into four separate occupied zones.

Containment policy- President Truman’s plan to contain communism

Truman Doctrine- President Truman offered aid to any country fighting against communism and avoid the U.S. from going into isolationism.

Marshall plan- proposal for Gov’t funds to countries of war torn Europe to help them rebuild.

38^th parallel- Divided Korea into two zones. Soviets occupied the North and the U.S. occupied the south.

McCarthyism- The height of anti-communist hysteria and the practice of making wild and unsound accusations against innocent people. ( claimed he had an actual list of Soviet spies within the U.S. Gov’t)

Sputnik- First man made satellite sent into space by the Soviet Union.

Bay of Pigs- CIA trained Cuban exiles to invaded Cuba and it went horribly wrong. It made Fidel Castro more popular.

Cuban Missile Crisis- Soviet Union set up missiles in Cuba. Both Cuba and the Soviet Union denied this until they were proven to be there. President Kennedy’s greatest foreign policy achievement.

Postwar Prosperity and Civil Rights:

Brown v. Board of education- Challenged the separate but equal ruling from Plessy v Ferguson. African Americans were not given equal opportunity. Segregation in schools was illegal. ( Thurgood Marshal NAACP lawyer)

Montgomery Bus Boycott- Rosa Parks- ended segregation in transportation.

Little Rock 9- The first 9 African American students who had to integrate  a high school in Little Rock Arkansas. Eventually the National Guard would have to come in and help these students.

Freedom Ride- Small interracial groups rode across states hoping to end segregation in transportation through all states. Freedom riders were met with a lot of violence.

24^th Amendment- Eliminated the poll tax

Affirmative Action- programs led to increase the numbers of women and minorities in Universities  and the professions.

Malcolm X vs Martin Luther King Jr. MLK believed in non violence and be the bigger person approach where Malcolm X believed in fighting fire with fire.

Black Panthers- Oakland, California, originally organized to patrol black neighborhoods and protect residents from police violence.  Initiated several social programs including free breakfast at schools. Protected protesters and handed clothes and other items to the needy.