Philippine Revolution - Early Filipino Revolts (1565-1892)

-The Filipinos began to fight the Spaniards the moment they settled permanently in 1565 and continued this resistance to the end of their rule in 1898.

-In October 1889, a group of ilustrados in Paris, signing themselves as the “Filipinos”.

-The Philippine Revolt patterns must be treated holistically and not separately.

Revolts are categorized into three:

1. Personal and religious

2. Resistance to Spanish imposed economic and religious institutions.

3. Land problems

Personal Motives

- The revolts were personally led by former barangay datus and maharlikas, as well as babaylans and katalonas, who had lost their prestige and power in their communities with the coming of the Spaniards, and were supplanted by leaders chosen by the Spaniards and by the Spanish friars.

- Lakandula and Soliman Revolt in 1574 due to sequestration of their landed properties and even toleration of the encomendero’s abuse and oppression of their people.

- The conspiracy of the maharlikas headed by Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan.

- In 1621-22, an outlawed babaylan, Tamblot of Bohol employed magic and religion in alluring the unbelieving people to abandon Christianity and to return to their former beliefs. In no time, he was crushed by Juan de Alcarazo, alcalde mayor of Cebu.

- The rebellion in Carigara (Leyte), led by Bankaw, Datu of Limasawa

- Francisco Dagohoy’s revolt in Bohol. This was the longest revolt in Philippine history taking 85 years to quell (1744- 1829).

- Silang Revolt in Ilocos - Palaris Revolt in Pangasinan

- Magtangaga Revolt in Cagayan

Religious Motives

 Two Christianized Isnegs of Northwest Cagayan, Miguel Lanab and Alalaban of Capinatan (Apayao), revolted in 1625, by mutilating and beheading the Dominicans Fr. Alonzo Garcia and Bro. Onofre Palao.

 A nativist revolt with religious overtones was led by Tapar in Oton, Iloilo, who proclaimed himself, “God Almighty”.

 The Magtangaga Revolt in Cagayan in October 1718 led by Francisco Rivera, a visionary who appropriated for himself the title of “Papa Rey”.

 Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz’s revolt which was divided into two phases: phase 1 from 1832-1841 was from the founding of the Confradia de San Jose in 1832 to the death of Dela Cruz in 1841, and phase 2 from 1870-71, with the revival of the Confradia in 1870, terminating with the revolt and capture of Januario Labios in 1871.

Resistance to Spanish-Imposed Institutions

 Among the major rebellions belonging to this class were those in the late 16th century led by Magalat of Cagayan, the Sumodoy and the CARAGA revolts in the 17th century.

Why all these revolts failed?

1. Absence of national leader

2. Lukewarm spirit of

3. nationalism among Filipinos

Inadequate training and

preparation for warfare

What is Nationalism?

It is the love of one’s country and people.

It is a feeling of oneness that binds the people

to a common past and a common identity.

It includes pride in one’s cultural heritage,

support for

the country’s aspirations,

patriotism and advocacy of national

independence.

What facilitated the

development of Filipino

nationalism?

Factors that gave birth to

Philippine Nationalism

1. The influx of liberal ideas (from

abroad)

2. The Spanish Revolution (1868)

3. The opening of the Suez Canal (1869)

4. THE MARTYRDOM OF FATHERS

GOMEZ, BURGOS AND ZAMORA

5. Introduction of modern technology

6. The rise of new middle classoccupied a high position in society

because of their wealth and prestige.

They also criticized the unequal

treatment of the Spaniards to the

Filipinos.

7. Secularization Issue

 Two kinds of priest during the Spanish

Regime

a) Regular - Spanish priests who belong to

any of the religious orders.

b) Secular - Priest who obtained their

religious training in the Philippines who

were under the direct control of the

bishops and archbishops.

8. Cavite Mutiny- Soldiers and workers at the Cavite Arsenal rebelled against the

withdrawal of their privileges of nonpayment of taxes and exemption from

forced labor.

9. Disillusionment over Spanish rulecommon sufferings under tyrannical rule

of the Spaniards fostered a feeling of unity

among Filipinos

The

Propaganda

Movement

Propaganda is a concerted set of

messages aimed at influencing

the opinions or behavior of large

numbers of people.

It was not a radical agitation to

overthrow Spanish rule by a bloody

revolution but instead it was a

peaceful campaign.

Rise of the Propaganda Movement

 It began in 1872, when Fathers

Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and

Jacinto Zamora were executed at the

Luneta.

 The Filipino exiles of 1872 and many

patriotic students abroad met in Hong

Kong, Singapore, Barcelona, Madrid,

Paris, London and other foreign cities.

 Work of promoting the welfare and

happiness of the fatherland.

Aggressively but peacefully, by

means of writing and speeches, they

crusaded for reforms to rectify the

evils of the Spanish colonial system.

Reforms Desired by the

Propaganda Movement

1) Equality of the Filipinos and

Spaniards before the laws.

2) Assimilation of the Philippines as

a regular province of Spain.

3) Restoration of the Philippine

representation in the Spanish

Cortes.

…Reforms…

4) Filipinization of the Philippine

parishes and expulsion of the

friars.

5) Human rights for Filipinos, such

as freedom of speech, freedom

of the press, and freedom to

meet and petition for redress of

grievances.