Coursework 5

Jim Crow Laws and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld "separate but equal," institutionalizing racial discrimination.
Tactics included denying law school admission, redirecting students to other states, creating underfunded Black-only schools, and within-class segregation.

Prior to 1972: Women lacked equal educational opportunities.
Title IX (1972): Prohibits sex-based discrimination in federally funded education programs.
Applies to admissions, financial aid, student services, athletics, and sex-based harassment.

Latino Segregation: De facto segregation in "Mexican schools" in the Southwest began in the 1870s, with up to 80\% segregation in some areas.
Mendez v. Westminster School District (1946): Ended official school segregation in California, predating Brown v. Board by 8 years.
DREAM Act (2001): Proposed legislation offering a pathway to citizenship for undocumented youth who came as children, partly via education. Not yet law.
DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, 2012): Provides temporary deportation relief and work authorization for some undocumented youth; does not grant permanent legal status.

Assimilation Efforts: U.S. government used boarding schools to force assimilation, exemplified by the Carlisle Indian Industrial School's motto, "kill the Indian, save the man."
Morrill Act of 1862: Funded land-grant universities by selling 10.7 million acres taken from approximately 250 tribal nations without consent or compensation.
Current Educational Disparities (2024 Report):
- Lower high school graduation rate for AIAN students (75\%) vs. U.S. general population (87\%).
- AIAN college enrollment (18-24 year olds) at 25\% is the lowest among all major racial/ethnic groups.
- 40\% decline in AIAN post-secondary enrollment between 2010 and 2021.