Outline and critically evaluate:
Adler’s individual psychology
Carl Jung’s analytic psychology
Karen Horney’s approach to personality
Consider splits between Freud and his followers.
Disagreements between Freud and followers.
Adler’s individual psychology:
Inferiority complex
Birth order implications.
Carl Jung’s analytic psychology:
Structures within the psyche.
The psychology of Karen Horney.
Treatment approaches by Adler, Jung, and Horney.
Evaluation of the theories of Adler, Jung, and Horney.
All three theorists share the view on the significance of unconscious motivation in behavior.
The discussion will recognize divergences from Freud without a unifying theory.
Freud's early work received significant acclaim; his stubborn demeanor led to conflicts with colleagues.
Notable figures who split from Freud:
Alfred Adler: Originally supportive but resigned due to Freud's intolerance.
Carl Jung: Interested in broader human aspirations and spirituality; disagreed with Freud's theories.
Karen Horney: Critiqued Freud's views on women's psychology, positioning herself as a feminist figure in psychoanalysis.
Inferiority Complex:
Began with the notion of organ inferiority; extended to psychological and social inferiority stemming from childhood.
Adults strive for superiority to compensate for inferiority feelings; unhealthy coping results in inferior/superior complexes. -** Three main areas affecting personality:
Parental influence and sibling dynamics shape development.
Styles of life established in early childhood influence interpersonal interactions and coping mechanisms.
Birth Order:
Significantly affects personality development; different roles in the family reshape individual psyche.
Social Interest:
A natural inclination to cooperate for societal benefit; essential for healthy personality development.
Lack of social interest signifies unhealthy personality traits and behaviors.
**Personality Types: **
Ruling Type: Power-seeking, emotionally manipulative.
Avoiding Type: Seeks to evade problems; passive.
Getting Type: Dependent, relies on others for assistance.
Socially Useful Type: Cooperative, contributes positively to others.
Adler’s Treatment Approach:
Focus on understanding childhood experiences and mistaken lifestyles.
Emphasizes rekindling social interest.
The Psyche: Comprised of various structures:
Ego: Center of consciousness.
Personal Unconscious: Contains suppressed memories and experiences.
Collective Unconscious: Collective instincts shared across humanity, including archetypes.
Archetypes: Universal symbols influencing behavior and interpersonal relations (e.g., persona, shadow, anima, animus).
Psychological Types:
Extraversion and introversion are foundational; further delineated into four functions: sensing, thinking, feeling, and intuiting.
Mental Health: Imbalance in psyche leads to mental illness; treatment through analysis of dreams and personal experiences.
Rejected Freud's sexual emphasis, focusing on societal influences on psychological development.
Basic Anxiety: Stemming from inconsistent parental relationships, leading to neurotic personalities.
Neurotic Needs:
Horney outlined ten neurotic needs that manifest compulsively and rigidly in neurotic personalities, often in response to basic anxiety.
**Three Personality Types: ** Compliant, Aggressive, Detached.
Healthy individuals can flexibly adapt various strategies as situations demand.
Defence Mechanisms: Horney expanded Freud's list introducing new mechanisms like:
Blind spots
Compartmentalisation
Rationalisation
Critique of Freud: Challenged ideas such as 'penis envy', emphasizing the social contexts shaping gender roles.
Adler:
Description, explanation, and applications largely helpful yet simplistic in some domains.
Jung:
Complex framework needing careful elucidation; contributory to understanding spirituality.
Horney:
Clarity in her descriptions and focus on interpersonal relationships useful for understanding neurosis and personality development.
Empowered feminist critiques against Freudian structures.
The evolution of psychoanalysis from Freud to Adler, Jung, and Horney illustrates a shift towards recognizing human social context and relationships in personality development.